
05> 



WEST VIRGINIA STATE CROP PEST COMMISSION. 



E. D. SANDERSON, Chairman Morgantowo 

Director W. Va. Agricultural Experiment Station. 

H. E. WILLIAMS Charleston 

Commissioner of Agriculture. 

S. H. FULTON Sleepy Creek 

President West Virginia State Horticultural Soeiety. 



W. E. RUMSEY Morgantowa 

State Entomologist. 




WEST VIRGINIA STATE CROP PEST COMMISSION 

Bulletin published quarterly at Morgantown. 
W. E. Rumsey, State Entomologist. 

Entered as second class matter May 3, 1913, at the post office at Morgantown, 
West Virginia, under act of August 24, 1912. 



TKIIUNE PRINTINS CO., CHARLESTON. W. »*■ 



D. of D. 
FEB 9 1916 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 



To His Excellency, Governor Henry D. Hatfield, 

Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewith the following report of 
the West Virginia State Crop Pest Commission prepared by its secre- 
tary, the state entomologist. This report covers the inspection work 
and investigations carried on by the state entomologist and his assist- 
ants during the past two years, and is presented for publication in 
accordance with chapter 14, Acts of the Legislature of 1913. 

Respectfully transmitted, 

E. Dwight Sanderson, 
- * Chairman, West Virginia State 

Crop Pest Commission. 
Morgantown, W, Va., September 1, 1914. 



State Crop Pest Commission 



OF 



WEST VIRGINIA 



FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT 



MARCH 1, 1913-JUNE 30, 1914 



W. E. RUMSEY 
Secretary and State Entomologist 



Morgantown, West Virginia 
September, 1914 



a.4** 
^ 



3 of D<? 

IAN 2419*6 



FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT 



OF THE 



STATE ENTOMOLOGIST OF WEST VA. 

MARCH 1, 1913— JUNE 30, 1914 



LETTER OF SUBMITTAL 



To the West Virginia State Crop Pest Commission : 

I herewith submit my first report as state entomologist under the 
state crop pest law of West Virginia, known as chapter 14, Acts of the 
Legislature of 1913. This report includes the forester's report on the 
eradication of the chestnut bark disease, and covers the period from 
March 1, 19l3, to June 30, 1914. 

Eespectfully submitted, 

W. E. Bumsey, 
State Entomologist. 



CONTENTS 



Page. 

Report of the State Entomologist 11 

Nursery Inspection H 

Orchard Inspection H 

Finances 13-14 

Chestnut Blight Control 15 

Investigation of Insect Pests 15 

Legislation 16 

Orchard Inspection 18 

Number of Trees Inspected during 1913 18 

Inspection of Nursery Stock 20 

Inspection of West Virginia, Nurseries in 1913 21-23 

Inspection of Nursery Stock from Other States 24 

Inspection of European Nursery Stock 26 

Registration of Nurseries 30 

Official Permit Tag 30 

Nurseries of West Virginia Registered 31 

Nurseries of Other States Registered in West Virginia 32 

Cedar Rust Eradication in Berkeley County 33 

Why Apple Rust is Prevalent in Certain Sections 33 

Value of the Red Cedar Tree 34 

How Apple Rust Can be Prevented 34 

Work in Berkeley County 36 

Policy of the Commission Concerning the Cutting of Cedars 3S 

Results Obtained by Cutting Cedars 38 

Periodical Cicada or So-Called Seventeen Year Locust 40 

Distrubution of the 1914 Swarm 40 

Abundance of the 1914 Swarm 40 

Injury by the Cicada to Young Fruit Orchards 42 

How a Young Orchard was Saved 42 

Control of the Apple and Peach Tree Borers 42 

Wire Cages on Apple and Peach Trees 46 

Facts Concerning the Use of Asphaltum 46 

Some Results from Treating the Bases of Peach Trees 46 

Report of Chestnut Blight Eradication 4S 

Control Work Begun 48 

Observations of Work in Pennsylvania 48 

Plan of the Work 48 

Selection of Scouts and Cutters 55 



10 Fikst Biennial Report [W. Va. 

Report of Chestnut Blight Eradication — Continued: Page 

Control Work in Morgan County 57 

State Camp Built 57 

Scouting in Preston County and along Pennsylvania and 

Maryland Lines 58 

Reports of Blight from Interior Counties 59 

Effects of Forest Fire Injuries 59 

Preventing and Controlling Forest Fires 59 

Revisiting Destroyed Infections 60 

A Short-Cut Experiment Begun , 60 

Aid from Owners in Cutting 60 

Literature Distributed 60 

Keeping Record of Infections 61 

Present Distribution of the Blight 61 

Statement of Disbursements 62 

San Jose Scale Fund 62 

Crop Pest Fund 67 

State Crop Pest Law. Bulletin No. 1 69 

Orchard Inspection — Apple Rust — Chestnut Bark Disease. Bulletin 

No. 2 82 

The San Jose Scale. Bulletin No. 3 95 

The Periodical Cicada in West Virginia in 1914 105 

And Green Apple-Aphis and Other Plant Lice Bulletin No 4 114 

Proposed Crop Pest Law to Supercede the Present Statutes 120 



V 

REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 



At the first meeting of the Commission the writer was appointed 
state entomologist and secretary of the Commission. Steps were 
immediately taken for the organization of the work under the new 
Crop Pest Law (Chap. 14, Acts of 1913). Inasmuch as the registration 
of the nurserymen outside of the state was not required until the first 
day of July, 1913, it was decided that it would be unwise to attempt 
the enforcement of section 8 in regard to the delivery of foreign nur- 
sery stock by transportation companies before that date. Nursery and 
orchard inspection also commenced about the same time. The spring 
months were therefore spent in organizing the work of the Commis- 
sion, looking up suitable inspectors, preparing proper forms for reports 
and advising the nurserymen and transportation companies in this 
and other states of the scope of the new law and its methods of 
enforcement. 

Nursery Inspection. 

One of the principal duties of the state entomologist under the new 
law is to inspect the nurseries of the state and to approve certificates of 
nurserymen from other states. A full account of the inspection for 
1913 is given on pages 20 to 29. Inasmuch as the inspection of 
nurseries is usually made in September, only the year 1913 is covered 
by this report. It has been necessary for the state entomologist to keep 
in touch with and inspect all nursery stock purchased by our local 
nurseries for re-sale; to inspect all West Virginia nurseries; to exam- 
ine stock shipped into our state untagged or improperly tagged; and 
also to inspect nursery stock imported from foreign countries at the 
request of the Federal Horticultural Board. Many times it has been 
impossible to give prompt inspection at points widely distant, even 
though the delay may have caused considerable inconvenience to the 
nurserymen affected. It is obviously impossible for one man to be 
able to handle all of this work promptly without competent assistance. 
There should be at least one assistant entomologist stationed at the 
office who can be detailed to this work whenever necessary so that 
it can be handled as rapidly as possible. We should secure local 
inspectors in each of the large fruit growing counties, who are com- 
petent to examine nursery stock shipped into their territory. 

- Orchard Inspection. 

Thirteen local inspectors were appointed to inspect the orchards in 
sixteen counties during the summer of 1913. A detailed account of 
this inspection is given on page 82. 

As far as possible men were obtained for inspectors who had had 



12 Fibst Biennial Report [W. Va. 

previous experience in this work. Other men were chosen because of 
their technical training or because of their practical experience in 
fruit growing. All of the men appointed were first assembled at 
West Virginia University and were given instruction in regard to 
insect pests, plant diseases, and care of orchards, as required by rule 
10 of the Commission. Examinations were given the candidates for 
appointment and inspectors were appointed not only according to their 
proficiency in written and oral examinations but consideration was 
also given their experience and general fitness. 

The Commission has had considerable difficulty in securing and 
holding a sufficient number of competent inspectors, as the actual 
inspection work lasts for only three or four months and during the 
season when farm labor is most in demand. We are, however, finding 
a number of well qualified men and in the course of a few years it is 
believed we will be able to train up a corps of men who can properly 
carry on the work. 

The inspection of the orchards is not only necessary for the pre- 
vention of the spread of dangerous pests from orchard to orchard but 
the inspection of newly planted orchards enables us to keep check 
upon the inspection of nurseries in this and other states and to 
determine whether dangerous pests are being sent out from the 
nurseries, and if they are, from which ones. To be of practical value 
orchard inspection must not stop at merely locating the troubles that 
affect the trees but the work must be followed up and the infested trees 
treated or destroyed. To see that the owners of infested premises 
properly spray or otherwise treat their trees, the state entomologist 
must have more men at his disposal who do not find it necessary to 
cease work on the opening of the University as is the case with the 
undergraduate student inspectors. As a rule the students whom we en- 
gage to act as orchard inspectors do good work, but we must have men 
who can be in the field during the time when spraying for San Jose scale 
Is possible. This is necessary in order to help the people get started 
right and do their spraying in a proper manner. Besides this, there must 
be men to superintend the carrying out of the law where owners 
of infested orchards neglect or refuse to comply with its provisions. 
The inspection during 1913 was not properly followed up and there 
has already been some complaint from orchard owners along this 
line. This can be remedied as already stated only by retaining a 
larger force of men during the fall and winter months to keep owners 
of infested trees stirred up to the necessity of spraying, or by doing 
it ourselves at their expense in accordance with the law. 

The reason that more inspectors have not been retained for the 
winter months and that an assistant entomologist has not been em- 
ployed, has been the lack of funds due to our assisting in the control 
of the chestnut blight as described below. If the appropriation to the 
Commission could all be expended for nursery and orchard inspection 
we should be able to employ sufficient assistants to properly carry on 
the work. 

Difficulty has been experienced in one or two counties in securing 
payment of the salary and expenses of local inspectors as required by 



1914.] State Crop Pest Commission. 13 

section 10 of the Act. The proposed substitute for the present bill 
(see Appendix A) gives the state entomologist, by and with the consent 
of the Commission, power to employ local inspectors and requires the 
county courts to pay their salaries and expenses without option on their 
part. This phase of the proposed law is further discussed below. 

The orchard inspection in some counties revealed large injuries to 
apple orchards by cedar rust. One of the objects of the fruit growers 
in passing the present act was to enable the Commission to control this 
disease which has caused many thousands of dollars damage. It 
was decided that it would be best to concentrate our efforts upon this 
disease during the first season in Berkeley County where it had done 
most damage and to then extend similar operations to other counties 
where necessary. A more complete discussion of the work against the 
cedar rust is given on page 33. 

This work should be resumed this fall after the season for peach 
yellows inspection has passed. We believe there will not be as much 
opposition against cutting cedars in the future as there has been in 
the past because of the results obtained in checking the rust where 
the cedars were destroyed the past year. A proposed substitute for 
the present law (Appendix A) would give the Commission much more 
latitude in handling the destruction of cedar trees on the property of 
persons who are not orchard owners and would enable the Commission 
to give compensation for trees destroyed where it felt such compensa- 
tion was equitably due. This is further discussed under the considera* 
tion of the proposed law. 

Finances. 

A detailed statement of the expenditures made by the Commission 
and certified to by the State Board of Control is given on pages 62 to 68. 

Below is given a summary showing the general purposes for which 
the funds have been expended. 

Due to the fact that the general appropriation bill was passed by the 
Legislature of 1913 before the present Crop Pest Law, the appropria- 
tion for this work was made to the Experiment Station as had been 
previously provided under Chapter 72, Acts of 1907. The appropriation 
for October 1, 1912 to June 30, 1913, (Sec. 6. Chap. 3, Acts of 1913) 
was $4,000. This had already been partially anticipated as was per- 
mitted by the general appropriation bill of 1911. The expenditures of 
the Commission from this $4,000, therefore, include the funds expended 
by the Experiment Station for the administration of Chapter 72, Acts 
of 1907, from October 1, 1912. As a matter of fact it also includes 
bills incurred from April 29 to October 1, 1912 which had been assigned 
for payment. This was necessary on account of the fact that all of 
the funds appropriated for the fiscal year October 1, 1911 to Sept. 
30, 1912 were expended by the former director, J. H. Stewart, prior 
to December 30, 1911, when he resigned as director of the Experiment 
Station. The Station was therefore without funds with which to carry 
on this work and it was necessary either to secure payment of the bills 
by assignment as was done, or to entirely discontinue the work which 



14 First Bienxial Repobt [W. Va. 

would have caused much inconvenience to the nurserymen of the state 
who would have been unable to ship stock without inspection. This 
statement seems necessary in order to properly explain the expenditures 
of the Commission up to June 30, 1913. 

Ten thousand dollars per annum is barely sufficient to carry on the 
work of the Commission as required by the law, provided it is relieved 
of the chestnut blight control and providing the counties will pay their 
share of the local inspection. 

SUMMARIZED FINANCIAL STATEMENT 
WEST VIRGINIA STATE CROP PEST COMMISSION 

April 29, 1912 — June 30, 1914. 

Balance 1912 Appropriation $ 1.2 6 

State Appropriation 14,000.00 

Crop Pest Fund 871.64 

San Jose Crop Pest 

Scale Fund Fund 

Salaries, Office force $ 5,262.22 

Salary, Member Crop Pest Commission 2 0.00 

Labor, Orchard Inspectors 1,887.95 111.00 

Labor, Chestnut Blight Scouts 950.31* 102.50 

Labor, Office Work 22.60 

Labor, Miscellaneous 12.50 17.23 

Traveling expenses. Office Force 1,537.18 66.57 

Traveling expenses, Orchard Inspectors 1,623.37 308.56 

Traveling expenses, Chestnut Blight Scouts. . 507.30 

Publications 492.51 

Office Supplies 218.50 12.80 

Postage and Stationery '. 946.23 4.35 

Books 57.70 

Building and Repairs 241.18 

Sundry Supplies 204.56 

Interest 16.20 



$14,000.31 $ 623.01 

Balance June 30,1914 .95 248.63 



1914.] State Crop Pest Commission. 15 



CHESTNUT BLIGHT CONTROL. 

The work on the eradication of the chestnut bark disease as out- 
lined by the forester, A. B. Brooks, in his report (appended herewith) 
indicates that the trouble is getting a strong foothold in the three 
eastern panhandle counties, namely, Jefferson, Berkeley and Morgan. 
Besides these, some isolated infections have been found in Hampshire 
County all of which point to the fact that considerable money and many 
men are needed if the spread of this disease is to be checked. 

Owing to the importance of the chestnut timber in West Virginia it is 
undoubtedly advisable to continue the work of scouting and cutting out 
the diseased trees, but this should be done by funds specially appropri- 
ated for that purpose. The money for carrying on the work of orchard 
and nursery inspection and conducting experiments for the purpose of 
determining the best remedies for lessening the ravages of injurious 
insects in accordance with the Crop Pest Law is no more than sufficient 
for these purposes. Therefore, by setting aside a part of the money 
appropriated for the use of the Crop Pest Commission to eradicate the 
chestnut blight, orchard inspection has suffered. We believe that either 
a State Forestry Commission should be established or a State Forester 
should be employed under the State Department of Agriculture and that 
legislation should be passed giving ample power and funds for com- 
bating this and other forest pests. If this is not done and the chestnut 
blight work is to be carried on under the State Crop Pest Commission 
then the Legislature should make ample provision for it by a special 
separate appropriation. 

Now that the forester has gotten chestnut blight eradication work so 
well in hand it certainly would be a great loss to the state for the 
legislature to fail to make sufficient appropriation to continue this 
important work. While we are inclined to doubt whether the spread of 
the chestnut blight can be entirely prevented by any means now known, 
we are firmly convinced that it will pay the state to make a hard fight to 
prevent its rapid spread, so that timber owners may have opportunity to 
cut and market their chestnut timber to advantage. Otherwise all the 
chestnut south of the counties now affected will doubtless be killed so 
rapidly as to make it difficult to handle it to advantage, and this would 
result in great loss to its owners. 

Investigation of Insect Pests. 

Besides the inspection of orchards and nurseries the Crop Pest Law 
provided for carrying on experiments by the state entomologist to devise 
way and means by which any kind of injurious insect can be controlled. 
The leaf blister mite has appeared in certain parts of Hampshire and 
Preston counties where it is doing damage to apple foliage, therefore 
it would undoubtedly be a good plan to carry on some experiments this 
winter for its control. Spraying with lime sulphur during the dormant 
season is claimed to be effective against Ihis comparatively new pest. 
Besides this experiment the work on borer control should be continued 
and the most promising materials used against the borers, tried on a 
commercial scale. 



16 First Biennial Report [W. Va. 



Legislation. 

The present Crop Pest Law (Chap. 14 of the Acts of 1913) was drawn 
by^a special committee of the State Horticultural Society in conference 
with the members of the legislature who introduced it, and after a very 
careful study of all similar legislation. 

As with most laws of this kind, their deficiencies can only be realized 
by attempting their enforcement. After eighteen months experience 
with the present law, which is now before the courts as to its constitu- 
tionality, the Commission feels that there are several important features 
which require amendment. Furthermore, Chapter 61 of the Acts of 
1905 should be combined with the features of the Act of 1913, so as to 
prevent the necessity of a duplication of registration by foreign nursery- 
men. 

The Commission submits as appendix A, a bill which it recommends 
to the legislature for passage to replace all present statutes. In the 
preparation of this measure the Commission has had the able assistance 
of its counsel, Hon. Clarence E. Martin, who has been retained to defend 
the Commission in actions brought against it in Berkeley County. Mr. 
Martin has thoroughly familiarized himself with the legal weaknesses 
of the present law and has carefully considered the new law proposed. 

This bill gathers into one act all the previous acts passed by the legis- 
lature on the subjects it covers and repeals the previous acts. It gives 
additional authority to the Commission, and more particularly defines it. 
The statute being an exercise of the police power, it is thought best to 
define in detail the duties and powers of the Commission and the state 
entomologist. While the changes suggested are many and the bill 
practically rearranges the old law, yet none are revolutionary in their 
character and" all are suggested by the experience of the Commission. 

The principal change of the present law is the right of appeal to 
persons whose property is of value, but which may have to be destroyed 
to prevent the spread of plant diseases. The Commission believes that 
the bill is clear on the subject and the fault found with the present law 
will thus be obviated. 

Next, the bill proposed gives the Commission additional power relative 
to the inspection and sale of nursery stock, so essential to the promotion 
and future development of the fruit industry in this state. 

It will be found that the proposed act gives civil jurisdiction to courts 
to assist the Commission in carrying out its duties, that justices are 
given concurrent jurisdiction with the circuit court to try misdemeanors 
thereunder, and that prosecuting attorneys are required to prosecute 
violations of the act. All these matters are suggested by the experience 
of the Commission in the past eighteen months. 

The present condition of the many branches of horticulture and 
agriculture of the state .and the protection essential and necessary to 
the crops grown, in order that the wealth of the state may be enhanced, 
sometimes demand stringent measures, which, while sometimes ap- 
parently affecting the rights of property in its narrow sense, are 
imperative for the general good of the many. 

The present proposed bill attempts to soften the rigors of the old lp,w 
by giving the Commission more discretion, yet at the same time the 



19] 4.] State Cbop Pest Commission. 17 

amendments proposed to the statutes will allow the Commission to 
exercise additional power to accomplish the ends for which it was 
created. 

The following summary indicates the proposed changes in Chapter 
14, Acts of 1913, section by section: 

Section 1 is practically unchanged, except that definitions of the 
words "plant" and "person" are added. 

Section 2 is in lieu of sections 4 and 6 of the present law, and con- 
tains a clause whereby the owners may appeal from the order of the state 
entomologist if his order will destroy property of value to the owner, 
and provides that the Commission may at its discretion grant indemnity 
to the owner of such property, half of which cost shall be borne by the 
county. There seems to be no question in regard to the right of the 
state to destroy private property under its general police powers, as 
has been shown by the opinion of the Supreme Court of Kansas in the 
case of Balch vs. Glenn * which considers from every aspect the ques- 
tions of law involved in a* case against the Kansas Entomological Com- 
mission. However, cases not infrequently arise in which it seems equit- 
able to compensate the owner for losses which are due to no fault on his 
part, and such compensation tends to make the enforcement of the law 
more effective, as has been found in the enforcement of laws having to 
do with the condemnation of cattle affected with tuberculosis. 

Section 3 replaces section 7 of the present law and provides for a 
mandatory injunction to compel owners of property to submit to its 
inspection. 

Section 4 replaces section 10 of the present law and defines the duties 
and authority of the state entomologist, his assistants and local in- 
spectors. 

Sections 5 and 6 replace sections 3 and 8 of the present law. 

Section 7 is similar to section 12 of the present law. 

Sections 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 embody the requirements set forth 
in chapter 61 of the Acts of 1905 and also add some new features for 
the protection of the fruit growers of the state, as proposed by isl com- 
mittee of the American Association of Horticultural Inspectors. 

Section 13 is similar to the last sentence of section 12 of the present 
statute, but gives justices of the peace concurrent jurisdiction. 

Section 14 is similar to section 13 of the present statute. 

Section 15 is similar to section 14 of the present statute but makes 
the Commissioner of Agriculture Chairman of the Commission and 
provides for his approval of expenditures instead of that of the Board 
of Control. 

Section 16 would repeal all present legislation on these matters. 

The full text of the proposed bill will be found as appendix A of this 
report. 



* See Journal Economic Entomology Vol. 5, pp 207-216, and Law Reporters. 



18 Fibst Biennial Report [W. Va. 

ORCHARD INSPECTION. 

During the summer and fall of 1913 orchard inspection was carried 
on in thirteen counties, namely, Brooke, Berkeley, Grant, Hampshire, 
Hardy, Jefferson, Marshall, Mineral, Morgan, Preston, Raleigh, Upshur 
and Wood. The work was not completed in any of these counties, 
therefore the inspection will be continued in all this territory wherever 
it is thought advisable. At the present time, (June, 1914), petitions 
from eleven other counties are in the hands of the state entomologist 
asking for an inspector. The petitions came from Cabell, Greenbrier, 
Mason, McDowell, Mercer, Monongalia, Pocahontas, Putnam, Summers, 
Taylor and Tucker. Arrangements are now being made to put men into 
this new territory also. 

The San Jose scale, peach yellows and black knot are the chief 
troubles that are being considered by the orchard inspectors, but apple 
rust and the chestnut bark disease are receiving considerable attention 
in certain sections of the state. These subjects are discussed in detail 
in another part of this report. 

An important feature of the orchard inspection work is to have men 
in the field who not only can identify and suggest remedies or pre- 
ventives for the insects and plant diseases which are considered danger- 
ously injurious and liable to spread to adjoining property, but also be 
able to name many of the other common insects and plant diseases 
which attack the farmers crops, and impart information concerning the 
handling of orchards. To accomplish this end all prospective orchard 
inspectors must come to the West Virginia University and take a course 
y-in Entomology, Plantjand Horticulture. 

As a general rule 'the orchardist and general farmers of the state 
seem satisfied with the inspection work as carried on under the Crop 
Pest Law. The idea of following up the inspection by revisiting the 
owners of infested orchards to see how they are getting along with their 
fight against destructive insects and plant diseases, and giving them 
personal advice concerning these troubles, is bearing fruit in that a 
majority of the people who have but a .few fruit trees are spraying and 
giving them much more attention otherwise. On this account fruit trees 
of the little home orchards or those growing about the premises of town 
and city homes will soon be producing as perfect fruit as the trees of 
experienced fruit growers. In the revisitation the inspectors occasion- 
ally find parties who have made no effort to check the insects or plant 
diseases which are injuring their trees and are liable to spread to those 
of their neighbors. In such cases the inspector makes it plain to the 
owner of infected trees that the law requires him to abate the trouble 
to save his neighbors from financial loss, and that if the work is not 
done it is the duty of the state entomologist to proceed, after due notice 
lias been given, with the treatment or destruction of the infested trees, 
the cost of which is to be charged to the owner. Up to the present it 
has been necessary to resort to this provision of the law but twice. 
Number of Trees Inspected During 1913. 

The following table gives the number of trees inspected in each of 
the thirteen counties where inspection was started in 1913, and the 
number of trees infested. 



1914.] 



State Crop Pest Commission. 



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20 First Biennial Report [W. Va. 

INSPECTION OF NURSERY STOCK. 

Inspection of West Virginia Nurseries in 1913. 

During the season of 1913 thirty-eight nurseries were inspected. 
This shows a decrease of two since the 1912 inspection. Undoubtedly 
there will be other nurseries to drop from the list before the inspection 
for 1914, from the fact that several nurserymen in Hampshire and 
Hardy counties started in the business on a small scale three of four 
years ago when apple seedlings in Kansas were selling at a low figure 
and there was no registration fee exacted from the nurserymen of the 
state. The small growers to whom reference has been made are not 
practical nurserymen but general farmers who perhaps thought by 
growing a few apple trees they could easily make some money on the 
side owing to the growing interest in the fruit industry in Hardy and 
Grant counties. Apparently they did not consider the fact that buyers 
must be found in order to dispose of their stock for in many cases the 
inspection of 1913 showed that the farmer-nurserymen had practically 
the same number of trees on the same plot of ground as when the stock 
was inspected in 1912. A farmer has too many other things to occupy 
his time and attention without going on the road to drum up a trade in 
apple trees. Besides this the registration fee of $5.00 now exacted 
from all parties growing trees for sale will tend to lessen these side- 
issue nurseries. 

On the following pages will be found a table giving the names e.nd 
addresses of West Virginia nurserymen, together with the kinds and 
amounts of stock grown and also the acreage. From this table it 
will be seen that many of the nurseries of the state are exceedingly 
small — mere gfarden spots. 



1914.] 



State Crop Pest Commission. 



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State Crop Pest Commission. 



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24 First Biennial Report [W. Va. 

No inspection certificates were issued to the West Virginia nurseries 
until they had registered with the State Auditor in accordance with 
the Crop Pest Law. The certificate Ooe-inspection has been somewhat 
changed by the Crop Pest Comissiorvfrom that in vogue under the old 
San Jose Scale Law. The form of the certificate now in use is given 
below: 

Nursery Office of the 

Inspection WEST VIRGINIA State 

Certificate STATE CROP PEST COMMISSION Entomologist 

Morgantown, W. Va. 

No 19 

This is to certify, That the nursery of 

at , in the state of West Virginia, was 

inspected on , 19..., by 

according to Chapter 14 of the Acts of the Legislature of 1913, and the 
nursery stock to be offered for sale by said nursery is apparently free 
from dangerously injurious insects and plant diseases. 

This certificate becomes null and void on the first day of October, 
19 . . . , but may be revoked at any time before that dfete for cause. 



State Entomologist. 

Inspection of Nursery Stock From Other States. 

Under the Crop Pest Law a West Virginia nurseryman can not sell 
stock which he may purchase from other states, under his inspection 
certificate until it has been examined by the state entomologist or his 
.assistant or a local inspector. It is the duty of a nurseryman to notify 
the state entomologist of the receipt of nursery stock from other 
states, whereupon the entomologist must proceed at once to examine 
tne shipment. In accordance with this ruling nursery stock from otuer 
states for re-sale by our nurserymen has been inspected as shown ' ' tha 
following table: 



1914.] 



State Crop Pest Commission. 



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26 First Biexniai. Report [W. Va. 

Owing to the changes in the Crop Pest Law from that in vogue under 
the so-called San Jose Scale Law, several nursery companies of other 
states failed to meet the requirements before shipping stock into 
West Virginia during the fall of 1913 and spring of 1914. The trans- 
portation companies were likewise slow in carrying out the provisions 
exacted from them by the new law, consequently the stfate entomologist 
was unable to get in touch with all the shipments of nursery stock 
coming into this state which did not bear the official permit tag. When- 
ever we were informed by the transportation companies of a consign- 
ment of stock for West Virginia points from outside nurserymen, that 
did not bear the permit tag, we immediately wrote them stating the 
requirements of the law, and in every case the nurserymen at once 
took steps to put themselves in the right light concerning the laws of 
the state if they expected to continue business in the state. This 
indicates that all nurserymen are willing to conform to our law and 
that the first offense was due to ignorance of our requirements. Soon 
after the law took effect an effort was made by this department to 
enlighten the nurserymen of West Virginia and other states concerning 
the Crop Pest Law. However, several of the letters were apparently 
overlooked, judging from the number of shipments that came into our 
state without bearing the permit tag. 

Inspection of European Nursery Stock. 

Under the federal law relating to the inspection of imported nursery 
stock the Federal Horticultural Board of Washington, D. C, notifies the 
inspectors of the different states whenever a shipment of stock reaches 
the port of entry consigned to the state in which the inspector has 
jurisdiction and it is expected that such officer examine the stock at its 
destination. By this arrangement it is hoped to prevent the introduc- 
tion and dissemination of foreign insects and plant diseases. Nearly 
all the imported stock reported as consigned to points in West Virginia 
between January 1, 1913, and June 30, 1914, has been inspected by 
the State Entomologist. As a rule the imported stock has been found 
in good condition and apparently free from dangerously injurious 
insects and plant diseases. Below is a list of the imports and dates of 
examination: 



1914.] 



State Crop Pest Commission. 



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30 First Biennial Report [W. Va. 

■ 1 

Registration of Nurseries. 

The new law requires all nurserymen doing business in West Virginia 
to register with the State Auditor and obtain a certificate. This in- 
cludes growers of nursery stock both within and without the state, 
except those from foreign countries. Below is the form of the registra- 
tion certificate as used during the past two seasons. 

Certificate of WEST VIRGINIA. Office 

Registration State Crop Pest Commission. of the 

No State Auditor 

Charleston, W. Va., » 19 . . 

To whom it may concern: 

Be it known that of 

has paid the state registration fee of Five ($5.00) Dollars for the 
privilege of offering for sale, selling, delivering, or otherwise disposing 
of plants or parts of plants commonly known as nursery stock, as 
required by Chapter 14 of the Acts of the Legislature of 1913. 

All nursery stock grown in West Virginia and sold under this permit 
must be inspected by the state entomologist, or his assistants, and sold 
under his certificate. All nursery stock purchased from without the 
state by a West Virginia nurseryman or dealer for re-sale, must be 
inspected by the state entomologist, or his assistant, before it can be 
distributed. Nursery stock from other states or countries for delivery 
within this state in interstate commerce, shall bear the official permit 
tag of the West Virginia state entomologist, and also a copy of the 
inspection certificate of the nursery from whence it came. 

This certificate becomes null and void one year from date of issue, 
but may be revoked within that time for cause. 
Countersigned: 



State Entomologist. State Auditor 

Official Permit Tag. 

The official permit tag furnished by the state entomologist at cost 
is primarily for the convenience of transportation companies. The 
presence of this tag on a carload, box, bale or bundle of nursery stock 
indicates to these companies that the shipper of the stock has registered 
in West Virginia and that the state entomologist is satisfied with the 
inspection the stock has had by the inspector of the state from whence 
it originated, provided, however, a copy of this certificate of inspection 
is attached to the shipment along with the permit tag. 

The law requires that all transportation companies shall notify the 
state entomologist whenever they receive a shipment of stock, giving the 
name of the consignor, consignee, destination and whether or not it 
has attached a copy of the inspection certificate of the state where it 
originated and the West Virginia permit tag. Below is the form of the 
permit tag now in use. The color for 1913-1914 is yellow. The same 
color will not be used two years in succession. 



1914 -3 State Ckop Pest Commission. 



31 



WEST VIRGINIA STATE CROP PEST COMMISSION. 

Office of the State Entomologist. 



Official Permit No Morgantown, 

THIS IS TO CERTIFY, That permission is hereby given for 
the nursery stock grown by 



who has been duly registered, to enter and be distributed with- 
in the State of West Virginia as provided under authority of 
Chapter 14 of the Acts of the Legislature of 1913. 

W. E. Rumsey, 

State Entomologist. 

The date across the center of the card is printed in red and indicates 
the time during which the permit is valid. 

Up to June 3 0, 19±4, one hundred and thirty-two nurserymen had 

reg 1S tered to do business in West Virginia. In the tables which follow 
are given a list of the nurserymen. 

Nurseries of West Virginia Registered. 

Name - Address. Date R ee No 

Archer, Wesley & Co . Guyandotte V u- 5 1913 i- 

5 ean ' E - P Romney Au ° s [ ^ 1913 ] [ [ " % 

Bean, Jesse A Inkerman Ju l y o 4 1913 - . 

Duckworth, Daniel Greenwood Oct 2 1913 pi 

r ver tr' j m p ---. Romney ^myob, i9i 3 :::: S 

Franklin Nurseries Ravenswood July 1 191 * o 

G M c N Chas -n Fordhm .July 2 ;, Sis:::: ,4 

Gold Nursery Co Mason Julv 17 1913 " 

Grassy Lick Nursery Co Kirby Julv 2S 1913 ' ' ^ 

Greenwood Nursery Co Greenwood Nov <> 6 191- ' o- 

* ai " es ' E - L Slanesville Oct.' 2~9,' 1913 " " 86 

Hardy County Nursery Co ... . Fisher July o 8 191 o ' ' on 

Hevener, M. M. & Sons Roanoke July 1 19 V " " « 

Highview Nurseries Augusta " Jul v <>8 1 91 q " " 

HUey, G. W Central [ [ [ [ \ J£ 5 1W3 5 

Holt, Jas. H. & Son Slanesville Ju i y i ' 191 3 ^ 

L™ m f' n Morgantown .' A ug. 28, WIS. '.'.'. 4G 

Loy - S - D Augusta All- 95 i<m ,r 

Mathews Bros Sissonvllle ..V. J^ 1 llll fn 

McMurray A. T. & Son Washington ' Ju i r »\ A% "" }~ 

Milleson, Jos. C ....... lligginsville July 1 iS 7n 

^ offe ». 0«o Clarksburg .......''" Sept is 191. "' ' JJ 

Mowery, Fred Re]mont Sep 15 I9r " ' '-'- 

Malick, J. w Kiibv « I' I \l " ' 

Naish, W. H.. w 1. ?* fc 3 ' WW.... 49 

' A Willow Jlllr .1 101* or 

Pig °tt. B- H central Station " " ' 12 \ °' ' ' ' ?! 



I't. Pleasant Nurs. & Orch. Co.I't. Pleasant. ..:.'.'.' Oct 10 1913*" 

Rose Hill Nursery \nnamoriah July 2 1 1913 ,4 

Shanholtzer, C. E FordWU ' ' ' A J 7, \ }Jg- " ■ ■ " 

J mn ' f' K Central Station July 5, 1913. . . . 13 

Shinn ' S - A Central Station July 1, 1913. . ..." 11 



32 



First Biennial Report 



[W. Va. 



Smith, T. T Hoy Aug. 21, 1913 . 

Spurgeon, J. C Auburn July 1, 1913 . . 

Starnes, M. I Romney Oct. 20, 1913 . 

Tucker, A. E Rockoak Oct. 7, 1913'. . 

Wheeling Nurseries Wheeling Apr. 25, 1914, 



Nurseries of Other States Registered in West Virginia. 



Name. 

Allen Nursery Co 

Andorra Nurseries 

Athalia Nursery Co 

Be t-ry, P. D 

B. ,bbink & Atkins 

B row, F. W. Nurs. Co 

B rown Bros 

I.everly Nursery & Orch. Co.. 

Coggeshall, J. C 

Commercial Nursery Co 

Conard & Jones Co 

Cedar Hill Nursery & Orch. Co 

Chase Bros 

Chase Nurseries 

Cumberland Nurseries 

Davis, C. C 

Davis, W. H. & Son 

Dreer, Henry A 

Dunigan, W. H 

Eaton, L. D 

Elliott Nurseries 

Ernst's Chas. Nurseries 

Fairview Nurseries 

Farmers Nurseries 

Franklin Davis Nursery Co. .. 

Fruit Growers Nurseries 

Globe Nurseries 

Graham Nursery Co 

Graybill, S. H 

Green's Nursery 

Hall, L. H. & Co 

Harris, R. R 

Harrison's Nursery 

Hawks Nursery 

Herrick Seed Co 

Hood, W. T. & Co 

Hooker, Wyman & Co 

Hoopes Bros. & Thomas Co. . . 
Huntsville Wholesale Nursery 

Co 

Kelley Bros 

Kemp, Geo. W 

Knight & Bostwick 

Lakeshore Nurseries 

Lassiter Nursery Co 

Michel], Henry F. Co 

Missouri Nursery Co 

Moon, Wm. H. Co 

Mt. View Nursery Co 

Morris Nursery Co 



Address. Date. Reg. 

Rochester, N. Y July 1, 1913. . . 

Philadelphia, Pa Apr. 16, 1914. . 

Athalia, Ohio Aug. 11, 1913. 

Dayton, Ohio Oct. 10, 1913. . 

Rutherford, N. J Apr. 25, 1914 . . 

Rose Hill, N. Y Feb. 28, 1914. . 

Rochester, N. Y Sept. S, 1913 . . 

Beverly, Ohio Aug. 1, 1913 . . . 

Little Hocking, O Feb. 26, 1914 . . 

Winchester, Tenn Feb. 24, 1914. . 

West Grove, Pa Sept. 12, 1913. . 

Winchester, Tenn Nov. 4, 1913 . . 

Rochester, N. Y July 1, 1913. . 

Geneva, N. Y July 21, 1913. 

Winchester, Tenn Apr. 17, 1914. 

Rose Hill, Ya Oct. 29, 1913. . 

Smithville, Tenn Oct. 16, 1913. . 

Philadelphia, Pa Sept. 15, 1913. 

Gratton, Va Dec. 12, 1913. 

Proctorville, O Dec. 2, 1913. . 

Pittsburg, Pa Aug. 14, 1913. 

Eaton, Ohio Sept. 30, 1913'. 

Rochester, N. Y July 1, 1913. . 

Troy, Ohio Oct. 17. 1913 . . 

Baltimore, Md July 31, 1913. 

Newark, N. Y Feb. 7, 1914. . 

Bristol, Tenn.-Va Aug. 13, 1913. 

Rochester, N. Y Apr. 16, 1914. 

Richfield, Pa Apr. 29, 1914 . 

Rochester, N. Y Nov. IS, 1913. 

Rochester, N. Y Sept. 19, 1913. 

Greenbrier, Tenn July 2S, 1913. 

Berlin, Md Oct. 17, 1913'. . 

Rochester, N. Y . July IS, 1913. 

Rochester, N. Y . Oct. 15, 1913. . 

Richmond, Va July 14, 1913 . 

Rochester, N. Y July 1, 1913. . 

West Chester, Pa -. . Oct. 27, 1913. . 

Huntsville, Ala Oct. 15, 1913. . 

Danville, N. Y Nov. 4, 1913. . 

Trincess Anne, Md Nov. IS, 1913. 

Newark, N. Y Dec. 1, 1913. . 

Girard, Pa Apr. 18, 1914. . 

Smithville, O Oct. 17, 1913. . 

Philadelphia, Pa Apr. 30, 1914. . 

Louisiana, Mo Oct. 25, 1913. . 

Morrisville, Pa Apr. 5, 1914. . . 

Williamsport, Md Aug. 29, 1913. 

West Chester, Pa Sept. S, 1913 



1914.] 



State Ckop Pest Commission. 



33 



Nurseries of Other States Registered in West Virginia. — Continued. 



Name. Address. Date. 

Oak Lawn Nursery Huntsville, Ala Nov. 8, 1913 . . . 

Page Valley Nursery Kimball, Va July 1, 1913. . . 

Pennsylvania Nurs. Co Girard, Pa.. Aug. 9, 1913... 

Perry Nursery Co Rochester, N. Y Apr. 18, 1914 . . 

Progress Nursery Co Troy, Ohio Oct. 10, 1913 . . . 

Reilly, Wm. J. Nurseries Danville, N. Y Nov. 8, 1913. . . 

Rice Bros. Nursery Geneva, N. Y Sept. 18, 1913. 

Roesch, Lewis & Son Fredonia, N. Y Oct. 6, 1913. . . 

Rush, J. G West Willow, Pa Oct. 20, 1913 . . 

Scarff's Nurseries New Carlisle, O Oct. 6, 1913 . . . 

Schmidt & Botley Co Springfield, O Oct. 15, 1913. . 

Sheerin Bros. Nurseries Danville, N. Y Oct. 29, 1913 . . 

Sherwood, Elmer Odessa, N. Y Oct. 16, 1913. . 

Southern Nursery Co Wincfbesteir,, Tenn July 23, 1913. . 

Spring Hill Nurseries Tippecanoe, O March 18, 1914. 

Standard Nursery Co Rochester, N. Y July 1, 1913 . . . 

Starbuck, Addison Colerain, O Nov. 4, 1913 . . . 

Stark Bros. Nurs. & Orch. 

Co Louisiana, Mo July 14, 1913 . . 

Stewart, C. W. & Co Newark, N. Y . . Oct. 6, 1913 

Storrs & Harrison Co Painesville, O Oct. 20, 1913. . 

Taylor, H. S. & Co Rochester, N. Y Dec. 19, 1913. . 

Van Lindley, J. Nur. Co Pomona, N. C Sept. 29, 1913 . 

Virginia Nurseries Richmond, Va July 1, 1913. . . 

Vincennes Nurseries Vincennes, Ind Oct. 29, 1913. . 

Virginia Wholesale Nurseries. Blacksburg, Va Nov. 28, 1913. . 

Watson, F. W. & Co Topeka, Kan Nov. 19, 1913. . 

Western N. Y. Nursery Rochester, N. Y Aug. 28, 1913. . 

Westminster Nurs. Co Westminster, Md Sept. 15, 1913. . 

Wharton Springs Nurs. Co . . . Smithville, Tenn Nov. 25, 1913.. 

Willowdale Nurseries Kennett Square, Pa Apr. 14, 1914.. 

Woodlawn Nurseries Rochester, N. Y Feb. 14, 1914. . 

Xenia Star Nurseries Xenia, O Dec. 13, 1913. . 

Young Bros. Nursery Smithville, Tenn Oct. 6, 1913. . . 



Reg. No. 

92 

9 

38 

115 

67 
91 
56 
63 
80 
612 
72 
82 
70 
26 
109 
13 
90 

18 

64 

79 
103 

59 
3 

83 

98 

95 

47 

54 

96 
111 
105 
102 



CEDAR RUST ERADICATION IN RERKELEY COUNTY. 

The apple-rust or so-called "cedar rust" is making its presence 
exceedingly obnoxious to the fruit growers in certain sections of the 
state for it has caused the loss of thousands of dollars worth of apples 
within the last three or four years. Besides destroying the apple crops 
it has injured the trees to a great extent — so devitalizing them one 
year that they are unable to develop fruit buds for the next year's crop. 

This rust disease has two host plants, namely, apple trees and red 
cedar trees, both of which must be present before the disease can 
perpetuate itself and spread. The life history of this fungus disease 
and the relation between red cedar trees and rust in apple orchards 
is discussed by N. J. Giddings in Bulletin No. 2 of the Crop Pest Com- 
mission which is included in this report (page 85.) 

Why Apple Rust Is Prevalent in Certain Sections. 

As already stated, this disease requires the presence of both the apple 
and red cedar trees. Therefore in territory where red cedars are 
abundant (and apple orchards of susceptible varieties are numerous 



34 First Biennial Report [W. Va. 

the fungus which causes the trouble will flourish. Wherever conditions 
are suitable and abundant food is to be had insects or plant diseases 
always multiply or increase to such an extent as to become exceedingly 
injurious or even destructive to the plants upon which they feed. 

In the red cedar belt we often hefar the remark, "red cedar trees have 
always been here and my grandfather was never bothered with rust on 
his apple trees." Such parties do not stop to consider the fact that in 
those early days comparatively few apples were grown (and that those 
grown were of a variety which had undoubtedly become immune, or 
nearly so, by long association with the trouble. Just enough of the 
disease developed on some of the apple trees to carry the trouble along 
year by year until the development of the apple industry in this 
section, and the introduction of varities susceptible to the disease has 
furnished an abundance of food for the stage of the fungus which lives 
on the apple. The red cedar trees having been ever present the 
disease has -SM reached a point where it is doing great damage to the 
orchard industry in such localities. 

Value of the Red Cedar Tree. 

In the eastern panhandle where the red cedar grows in abundance 
there seems to be a great difference of opinion among the farmers and 
fruit growers as to the real value of this tree. One man may hold 
that it makes excellent fence posts while another emphatically states 
that it is of no value for this purpose and says he would not set them 
for posts under any consideration. A large per cent of the cedars 
growing in the fruit belt of Berkeley and Jefferson counties, or in other 
fruit sections of the state, are not large enough to make suitable posts 
and since locust trees, which do make most excellent fence posts, as 
a rule also grow in all this territory, it seems as if an artificial or 
fictitious value has been placed upon the red cedar trees. 

If cedar trees are not cut they will soon take a pasture field, for no 
grass will grow under them nor will cattle or any other kind of farm 
stock feed on these trees — not even angora goats. The picture on page 

35 (Fig. 1) illustrates nicely how the red cedar trees spring up in 
the pasture fields of the eastern panhandle. This photograph was 
made near Inwood, Berkeley county, West Virginia. A weed is 
defined as a plant out of place or growing where it is not wanted. 
At least in such cases as shown in this picture, the red cedar becomes 
like a noxious weed. However, we must not lose sight of the fact that 
these trees have their aesthetic value in that they add to the land- 
scape and beautify many a rugged rock break of the eastern panhandle, 
and also when planted along highways add much to the beauty of the 
scenery. (Fig. 3.) 

How the Apple Rust or So-called Cedar Rust Can Be Prevented. 

Carefully conducted experiments carried on by N. J.. Giddings, Plant 
Pathologist of the Experiment Station, has proved that apple rust can 
be checked by spraying, but there are only two or three days in which 



1914.] 



State Crop Pest Commission. 



35 




Fig. 1. Cedars "Taking" a Pasture Field. Berkeley County. 




Fig. 2. Cleaning up Big Cedars near Orchards, Berkeley County. 



36 First Biennial Report [W. Va. 



this can be accomplished after an infection takes place, and there may 
be three or four periods during the spring and early summer when 
this infection is brought about. Therefore one can readily see the 
impracticability of spraying tb control this trouble in commercial 
orchard sections. 

Since it has been fully established that the red cedar tree and the 
apple tree are the host plants of the fungus which causes the apple 
rust, it is obvious if one or the other of these trees be removed the 
development of the disease will cease. We all appreciate the apple 
tree and know its value, hence to save this valuable fruit the red 
cedar must be destroyed in the apple growing sections of the state. 
Already the cry has been raised in Berkeley County, "Down with the 
cedars growing near apple orchards." 

The cedar tree harboring as it does a dangerously injurious plant 
disease, comes within the scope of the Crop Pest Law, and since 
spraying cannot check the trouble, the destruction of all such trees 
within one mile of apple orchards has been decided upon by the Crop 
Pest Commission as the only feasible remedy for the trouble. 

Why the Work bf Fighting the Rust Disease AVas Concentrated in 

Berkeley County. 

On account of the importance of the apple industry in Berkeley 
County and the call of the fruit growers for assistance to check the 
damage caused by apple rust in their orchards owing to the alarming 
extent to which this disease had increased in the last three or four 
yeiars in this territory, the Commission concentrated its energies in 
this county not only to assist the orchardists of this section but also to 
demonstrate to the people of the state at large that the most feasible 
method of checking the so-called "cedar rust" lies in the destruction of 
red cedar trees in the vicinity of apple orchards. 

With this object in view, the state entomologist was sent into 
Berkeley County in April, 1913, to look over the situation concerning 
the trouble and devise ways and means whereby the cedar trees could 
be destroyed with as little friction as possible between the orchardists 
and general farmers. Before this time a majority of the apple growers 
in the county had cut out the cedars on their property and also done 
considerable work along this line on adjoining lands where the owners 
did not object to the loss of the cedars. After spending about two 
weeks in the county the state entomologist found that owing to 
other duties requiring his attention it was necessary for him to leave 
the territory for a time. Thereupon a local inspector was appointed 
by the Crop Pest Commission to carry on the work of educating the 
people concerning the rust disease and the danger of allowing red 
cedar trees to grow near (apple orchards, also to bring about coopera- 
tion between the fruit grower and the general farmer. As a rule the 
latter were opposed to the Crop Pest Law which made it possible for 
the Crop Pest Commission to order the destruction of red cedar trees 
which harbor a stage of the fungus disease that is liable to spread and 
do serious damage to apple orchards in the vicinity. On the other hand, 



19JJ.] 



State Crop Pest Commission. 



37 





Fig. 3. Big Cedars Along Highways in Berkeley County. 



38 First Biennial Repobt [W. Va. 



the fruit growers were over anxious to have the Crop Pest Law enforced 
to the letter, hence instead of the inspector being able to bring about 
the necessary cooperation the breach between the general farmer and 
fruit grower became wider and wider until in February, 1914, when 
the inspector began destroying diseased red cedar trees growing on the 
property of an extensive land owner, the clash came. The owner had 
the inspector arrested for trespass and got out an injunction to 
restrain the Crop Pest Commission or any of its employees from enter- 
ing upon his property. For a time this action seemed to be a stumbling 
block preventing the destruction of cedars in order that the prospective 
apple crop for 1914 in Berkeley county might be saved. 

Policy of the Commission Concerning the Cutting of Cedars. 

On .account of the opposition encountered in cutting cedar trees to 
prevent damage to apple crops the Commission adopted the following 
policy: In sections of the county where the apple industry had devel- 
oped sufficiently to warrant the condemning of cedar trees as a 
nuisance, on account of such trees harboring one stage of a disease 
seriously injurious to apple crops, such cedars must be destroyed or 
the balls removed therefrom. Where there is but an isolated apple 
orchard here and there in a section where cedars are exceedingly 
abundant then no action is to be taken toward destroying the cedar 
trees. The Commission decided to furnish men to assist and superin- 
tend the cutting of cedars free of cost to owners of such trees, pro- 
vided orchardists would do the bulk of the work. After settling on 
this mode of procedure the state entomologist was sent out to get the 
cedar owners to consent to their trees being cut provided it would cost 
them nothing, and, pointing out to the fruit men that if nothing was 
done until the litigation in the matter was adjusted it would be too late 
to save their coming crop, hence they must furnish men at once to 
clean up cedars in their respective neighborhoods. The orchardists 
saw the necessity of prompt action and willingly furnished men. 
On account of the Commission putting in men to superintend the work 
it convinced the cedar owners that the cutting and cleaning up would 
be properly done and their consent, as a rule, was readily obtained. 
Under this arrangement thousands upon thousands of red cedar trees 
were cut (Fig. 2) before the first of May and the dissemination of rust 
spores prevented. The fruit growers and general farmers now realize 
that the one cannot get along without the other in their rich agricul- 
tural community. 

Results Obtained by Cutting Red Cedar Trees Near Apple Orchards. 

As already stated, thousands upon thousands of red cedar trees 
growing near apple orchards in Berkeley County were cut during the 
winter and spring of 1914 with the expectation that apple rust would 
be checked in these orchards and the crop saved. That we might be 
able to convince the general farmers and other disbelievers as to the 
cause of rust in apple orchards, a trip was made over much of the 



1914 J State Crop Pest Commissiox 



39 



apple section of the county after the disease had developed and the 
results of the observations are here noted. Although on account of an 
unusually dry May the rust was not so prevalent in any locality as it 
otherwise would have been, the result of cutting the cedars showed a 
striking diminuation of the amount of rust injury over previous years. 
An orchard that showed considerable rust, especially along its southern 
border, has cedar trees growing to the southwest of it at a distance of 
2,300-3,600 feet. According to N. J. Giddings' records an infection 
from cedar apples took place on May 5, 1914, and the wind at that 
time was blowing from the south and southwest with a velocity of 
about 20 miles per hour. Practically no rust spots showed on the 
foliage which had developed after the date of the infection mentioned 
Another infection took place in the county June 4, 1914, but at this 
time the wind was from the northeast, hence there is no'injurv from 
rust from this infection in the orchard under consideration because 
there are no cedars within a mile or more to the northeast of the 
orchard. Several other orchards besides the one mentioned were 
visited and only one or two of them showed a slight amount of rust 
In all cases the rust was more abundant in that part of the orchard 
nearest to cedar trees. The results in one orchard examined were 
especially gratifying. Two years ago this orchard was surrounded by 
cedars and the apple crop of that year was a complete failure from 
rust, as far as York Imperials were concerned. Besides the loss of the 
crop the vitality of the trees was so impaired that they did not produce 
fruit buds for a 1913 crop. During the winter and spring of 1912-1913 
the owner cut all the cedars near his orchard and in the spring of 1914 
the Commission and orchard owners cut more cedars in the vicinity 
thus the cedars that were near enough to cause serious loss from 
apple rust are now practically all destroyed. This orchard has a crop 
this year and showed but a slight infection of rust, the latter being 
found in the northeastern corner. This part of the orchard is low 
and acress the fields to the northeast we saw one large cedar tree 
located on an eminence about three quarters of a mile away The 
wind was in just the right direction to carry the spores from this tree 
to the orchard on the June 4th infection. 

From the observations made during the trip just described evidence 
points to the fact that cedar trees must be removed more than one- 
half mile from apple orchards to reduce rust injury sufficiently to 
prevent it from damaging apple crops. Besides the distance of the 
cedars and the direction of the wind during an infection period, many 
other things must be considered, sftch as the elevation of the cedars in 

ban the vVear ' ^ * *" "^ "* ^ Mmbe ' ° f Cedar 



40 First Biennial Report [W. Va. 



PERIODICAL CICADA OR SO-CALLED SEVENTEEN YEAR LOCUST. 

The arrival of Brood V of the periodical cicada as discussed in 
Bulletin No. 4 of the Crop Pest Commission came apparently a little 
ahead of the date the brood appeared in 1897. At least this was the 
case in some localities. The difference in time is accounted for by the 
weather conditions. This year (1914) we had a warm dry May, 
while the same month seventeen years ago was wet and cold. 

On June 2 3, 1897, A. D. Hopkins and the writer drove from Mor- 
gantown, Monongalia county, to Cranesville, Preston county, for the 
purpose of making observations on the abundance of the cicada and 
its limit of range. At that time the swarm was at its best, the songs 
of the males made a perfect "din" during the day until we arrived at the 
crest of a ridge overlooking Cranesville, where we left the sound 
behind us — as well as the cicadas themselves — for we came to the limit 
of their range in this quarter when two-thirds of the way up the ridge. 
On June 2 4, 1914, the writer drove over the same territory accom- 
panied by P. B. Wiltberger. At this time we found the cicada on the 
decline. Thousands of them had already died and the highway was 
strewn with their bodies. The people along the way informed us that 
"the locusts were much more numerous about a week ago." This indi- 
cates the effect the weather has on the appearance of the cicada for 
the territory was traversed at practically the same time in June during 
the occurrence of the two different swarms. The limit of range of the 
1914 swarm was found to be practically identical with that of 189 7 
in so far as the boundary line near Cranesville is concerned. 

Distribution of the 1914 Swarm of the Cicada in West Virginia. 

To determine the distribution of the cicada in West Virginia for 
1914 return post cards were sent out asking for information concern- 
ing the occurrence and abundance of the insect. Many replies were 
received and from this data the accompanying map (Fig. 4) has been 
prepared which corresponds in the main with the distribution of this 
brood as shown by the map published by A. D. Hopkins in Bulletin 
No. 68 of the West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station and 
reproduced in Bulletin No. 4 of the Crop Pest Commission. From 
observation and information obtained through correspondence and 
otherwise, it appears that the cicada does not extend its area of dis- 
tribution much beyond its original habitat. 

Abundance of the 1914 Swarm. 

The correspondence concerning the abundance of the cicada (Figs. 
6 and 7), and the personal observations made along this line seem to 
indicate that on the whole there was not much difference between the 
numbers of this insect in the 1897 and the 1914 swarms. The photo- 
graph (Pig. 5) on page 43, of the cast skins on a small bush under some 
neglected apple trees will give some idea of the abundance of the 
cicada near Morgantown. 



1914.] 



State Crop Pest Commission'. 



41 




42 First Biennial Report [W. Va. 

Injury by the Cicada to Young Fruit Orchards. 

The cicada did much damage to young fruit orchards, especially 
where the trees had been planted on new ground (Fig. 9). This is 
due to the fact that the cicada is always more abundant in wooded 
territory, and so where the timber has been cleared away to make 
room for an orchard, when the brood appears it finds but an occasional 
tree where previously there was a forest and consequently oviposition 
is concentrated on the comparatively few trees, and serious injury to 
the young orchard trees is the result. It is always advisable not to 
prune young orchards the winter previous to the appearance of a 
cicada swarm or to plant orchards one or two years before a brood 
is due. 

How a Young Orchard Was Saved. . . 

A young orchard of over 5,600 one and two-year-old apple and peach 
trees (Fig. 10), owned by Arthur Gold, in Mason county, which had 
been planted on new ground, was saved from ruin by covering the 
trees during the stinging period of the cicada. Not being aware of the 
occurrence of a brood of cicada in 1914 the owner of the orchard 
pruned the trees to his liking in February and March. When he was 
informed that this year (1914) was "Locust year" in Mason county he 
determined to put forth heroic efforts to save his orchard from their 
destructive work. Accordingly he procured 2,712 yards of "tobacco 
cotton" (a thin cloth used to cover tobacco seed beds) and with the 
first indication of cicada stinging a force of men were hired and the 
trees covered as shown in the illustration on page 51 (Fig. 10). The 
cloth was wound about the trees and pinned with 6-penny wire nails. 
A single tree in its "winding sheet" is shown on page 48 (Fig. 8). To 
show what might have been the condition of this orchard a few trees 
were left uncovered. The picture on page 49 (Fig. 9) gives some 
idea of the condition of these unprotected trees. They were killed 
back to the ground. The illustration on page 52 (Fig. 11) is that 
of a protected tree some weeks after the coverings had been removed. 

Below is an itemized statement of the cost of protecting 5,600 one 
and two-year-old fruit trees from cicada injury: 

2,712 yards tobacco cotton, @ 3%c . $ 94.92 

40 lbs. nails, @ 4c 1.60 

16 days labor placing cloth, @ $1.25 20.00 

Qy 2 days labor removing cloth, @ $1.25 8.12 

$124.64 

CONTROL OF THE APPLE AND PEACH TREE BORERS. 

This experiment has been under way since 1912 and consists of 
wire cages placed about the base of the trees, asphaltum applied to 
the trunks a few inches below the soil and from a foot to eighteen 
inches above, and the application of spray materials to the base of 
peach trees in the fall to determine if possible a substance which will 
penetrate the outer bark and destroy the young peach tree borers 



1914.] 



State Crop Pest Commission. 



43 




a 
< 






44 



First Biexxiai. Repokt 



[W. Va. 




Fig 6. Cicada Assembling on Apple Tree. 



1.914.] 



State Chop Pest Commission. 



45 




Fig. 7. Cicada Resting on a Peach Tree before Beginning to Oviposit. 
This Tree was later Protected as Shown in Fig. 8. 



46 First Biennial Repoet [W. Va. 



without injuring the trees. The substances used for this purpose are 
as follows: "Lysol" 25%; Formalin 50%; Miscible oil 1-9; Emulsion 
of Avenarius Carbolineum and Soap; Crude Oil and "Kreso" 12y 2 %- 
Of these substances "Lysol," Miscible oil, Carbolineum Emulsion and 
"Kreso" seem to indicate that they will check the borers without injur- 
ing the trees. The other substances do not indicate that they are of 
any value, although none of them seem to injure the trees except the 
crude oil which killed every tree to which it was applied. 

Wire Cages on Apple and Peach Trees. 

The bronze wire cages on apple trees (Fig. 13) seem to be of 
practical value, although at the top of these cages in a number of 
instances the adult apple tree borer deposits its eggs, and the young 
borers begin work under the bark. However, these are readily detected 
and easily removed, being far above the surface of the ground. The 
cages on peach trees do not seem to be of any use. This may be 
due to the fact that the cages were applied to the trees on a side hill 
and heavy rains washed the soil from the base of the cages, thus giving 
the moths an opportunity to reach the base of the trees to deposit 
their eggs before the soil was replaced. Or, a more likely reason, 
the young borers may crawl between the meshes of the wire, since it 
is a well known fact that the peach tree. borer does not lay her eggs 
wholly on the bark of the trees but about the ground on the grass, 
weeds or twigs, or something of the sort. 

Facts Concerning the Use of Asphaltum. 

Thus far the use of asphaltum against the peach tree borers in the 
East does not seem to be of any practical value. The rapid growth of 
the peach soon breaks open the asphaltum, especially at the lenticels, 
thus giving the newly hatched borers numerous openings to the bark of 
the tree. This material used against the apple tree borer (Fig. 14) 
seems to be more promising from the fact that the apple tree grows less 
rapidly and therefore ruptures in the asphaltum seldom occur during 
a growing season. However, the lenticels are induced to make corky 
tissue rapidly, which causes the asphaltum to protrude from the 
surface of the bark like blisters (Fig. 15). There does not seem to be 
any injury either to the peach or apple trees where asphaltum has 
been applied. Of course, to obtain satisfactory results with this 
material against the apple tree borer it is necessary to make a fresh 
coating of the substance over the trunk each spring. 

Some Results From Treating the Base of Peach Trees. 

Three substances applied to the base of peach trees, namely, asphal- 
tum, miscible oil and carbolineum emulsion, were compared with 
check trees which showed the following results: Nineteen trees 
treated with asphaltum gave an average of 8 17-19 borers per tree. 
The same number sprayed at the base with miscible oil averaged 1 2-19 
borers per tree, and where carbolineum was used on a like number of 



1914.] . State Ceop Pest Commission. 47 

trees the average proved to be 11-19 of a borer to a tree. The nineteen 
check trees gave an average of 4 5-19 borers per tree. This seems to 
indicate that there is some virtue in the miscible oil and carbolineum 
emulsion. If when tested on a commercial scale these substances 
reduce the number of borers per tree as indicated above it will 
undoubtedly be a great help to commercial peach growers in fighting 
this destructive pest. 

It is the intention of the state entomologist to try out the promising 
materials this fall on something like a commercial scale, in the Sleepy 
Creek Orchard to determine whether or not this method of checking 
peach tree borers is practical. 



48 



Fikst Biennial Repoet 



[W. Va. 



Fig. 8. In a "Winding Sheet" — Young Fruit Tree Protected from Cicada 

Stings. 



1914.] 



State Crop Pest Commission. 



49 




Fig. 9. Cicada Injury to Peach Tree. The Stinging Killed the Tree Back 

to the Ground. 



50 First Biennial Report [W. Va. 

REPORT OF CHESTNUT BLIGHT ERADICATION. 

A. B. Brooks. 
Control Work Begun. 

Following an investigation of the distribution of Chestnut Blight in 
West Virginia, conducted through agents of the U. S. Department of 
Agriculture during the fiscal year 1912-13, the state began active 
control work. The West Virginia State Crop Pest Commission, at its 
meeting in Charleston June 3, 1913, adopted a resolution, effective 
July 1, 1913, appointing a forester "in charge of chestnut blight 
eradication." The Commission at this meeting also voted to set 
aside $2,500.00 for use in controlling chestnut blight during the 
coming fiscal year, and to cooperate with the State Commissioner of 
Agriculture, who agreed — in addition to paying the salary and field 
expenses of the forester — to furnish from his own funds an amount 
sufficient for the employment of a number of men to collect statistics 
relative, chiefly, to the abundance and distribution of chestnut blight 
in West Virginia. At a subsequent meeting of the Commission, held 
in Martinsburg October 21, 1913, it was ordered that the forester 
"be authorized to employ scouts and cutters in chestnut blight eradica- 
tion up to July 1, 1914, whose salaries and expenses shall not exceed 
$300.00 per month." Approximately $2,000 was spent by the Com- 
mission in this work. The funds thus made available through the Crop 
Pest Commission were sufficient for the employment of four men; and 
these, together with the two agents of the U. S. Department of Agricul- 
ture, and the five men employed by the State Commissioner of Agri- 
culture, constituted a working force of eleven men. 

Observation of Work in Pennsylvania. 

Before continuing control measures and employing the whole number 
of men provided for, however, it was thought advisable to study care- 
fully methods that were being employed for eradication of blight in 
some state which had been successful in this work. Accordingly, the 
forester, together with the agent of the U. S. Department of Agriculture 
employed at that time, visited — in company with Mr. S. B. Detwiler, 
General Superintendent of the Pennsylvania Chestnut Blight Com- 
mission — several sections in Pennsylvania where chestnut blight infec- 
tions had been destroyed, and noted the methods followed there. As 
a further aid in getting work started along approved lines, Mr. J. W. 
Sitler, who was an employee of the Pennsylvania Blight Commission, 
and thoroughly acquainted with every detail of control work in that 
state, was employed on August 2 5 to work in the infected sections of 
Berkeley County along with three local men employed on the same 
date. 

Plan of the Work. 

Since a number of infections had already been located along the 
mountain ridges of the three easternmost counties of the state, it was 
decided to destroy these first and so remove the most apparent 
dangerous sources of infection; but not to destroy the infections on 



1914.] 



State Ckoi> Pest Com .mission. 



51 




52 



First Biennial Report 



[W. Va. 




Fig. 11. Peach Tree Several Weeks After the Tobacco Cotton Had Been 

Removed. 



1914.] 



State Chop Pest Commission. 



53 




Fig. 12. Cicada Injury in Apple Twigs Showing how the Woolly Aphis 
Attacks the Wounded Places. Enlarged. 



54 



First Biexxial Report 



[W. Va. 









Vs 


::: '^Sra^'v.idSls**--' - 


3 






' " ...'.''■ 






JSmMk^e.' 




'• ■■■ ■••,;, ,. .. 








^^^ 






s^^fflBSPBW'iBi 








"*7'^p^BS Hfiflfl^SH 



Fig. 13. Fencing out Round Headed Apple Tree Borers by Use of Wire 
Netting. Note Cotton in Top of Cage. 





.■ 






lip W-*-^, _ 








^ : : 


% 


1 


■'■!' ■ ' : 




. " 


-'^ , W-* 1 "*- • V, X 


*-.'u' ^* 


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Is 


■~' if - ■#'■'{■■:■•'> 


; . *" . * ' - 



Fig. 14. Painting Base of Apple Trees with Asphaltum to Prevent Egg 
Deposit by Adult of Round Headed Apple Tree Borer. 



1914.] State Chop Pest Commission. 55 

the west face of Blue Ridge Mountain, in Jefferson County, owing to 
the fact, first, that these latter infections lie closely adjacent to those 
on the Virginia side, and second, that the Shenandoah valley separates 
the chestnut timber on the Blue Ridge from that on the next ridge 
to the west by a distance of about 2 5 miles. This wide valley con- 
tains but few chestnut trees and apparently forms an effectual barrier 
to the westward spread of the blight from the Blue Ridge. It was 
further planned to re-visit the places where infections had been 
destroyed at the earliest date after the first cutting in order to determ- 
ine the completeness of the former work and to destroy the blight 
which was in its incipient stage and was at first unobserved. In addi- 
tion to removing blighted trees that had been overlooked it was 
decided to cover the whole area more carefully during the second visit 
and to search also in all parts, not previously visited, of the three 
counties. 

Selection of Scouts and Cutters. 

During the fall additional scouts and cutters were employed but 
it was not until January that the full crew was made up. Considerable 
care was exercised in selecting men, and not a little difficulty was 
experienced in finding those whose familiarity with the woods, interest 
in the work, aptness to learn and observe, moral character, etc., were 
such as to fit them for the undertaking. 

Control Work in Berkeley County. 

During the fall months the principal blight infections were destroyed 
in turn on Little North Mountain, Back Creek Valley, Third Hill, and 
the west face of Sleepy Creek Mountain, in Berkeley County. In 
addition to destroying blighted trees considerable hurried scouting 
was done between the blighted areas, previously found, and a number 
of small infections were thus located and destroyed. The total num- 
ber of infections treated and destroyed in Berkeley County, up to 
June 30 (according to the methods outlined in Bulletin 2, embodied 
in this report) was 161; and the total number of trees destroyed 
was 1,486. The smallest infections contained but one tree; the 
largest infection, situated in Back Creek Valley, contained 3 08 trees. 

Many of the trees found were already entirely dead, having been 
infected five or six years. In such cases there were usually present 
large numbers of fruiting organs of the kind that produce wind-dis- 
tributed spores (ascospores) ; and frequently all the blight in a spot 
infection could be easily traceable to a single dead or dying tree 
standing in some prominent place near the center of the diseased area. 
In some instances where twig infections were iound in large trees. 
the diseased twigs were cut out and the trees left standing. While a 
hasty search was made in all parts of Berkeley County where chestnut 
timber grows plentifully, yet up to the last of June it had been impos- 
sible to revist areas first covered. It is doubtless true that more pains- 
taking and careful work would result in locating a number of addi- 



Kft 



TTttjsT BlF.NNIAT. REPORT 



[W. Va 



Fig. 



15. Portion of Apple Tree Trunk Showing Results of Applying 
Asphaltum. Lenticels make Corky Tissue and push out the 
Asphaltum in Grotesque Protuberances. 



1914.] 



State Crop Pest Commission. 



57 



tional infections. The oldest and most dangerous ones, however, were 
nearly all destroyed. 

Control Work in Morgan County. 

Late in the fall work was transferred to Morgan County, though the 
location of county lines is such that certain sections of Morgan and 
Berkeley counties were alternately visited in the first winter months. 
For a time in early winter the scouts and cutters occupied an aban- 
doned camp of coal developers on Short Mountain, Morgan County, and 
afterward, during part of a period of snowy weather, they moved 
south, working along the Berkeley county face of Sleepy Creek Moun- 
tain and destroying the small scattered infections as they were found. 
The largest infections found in this region were located on Short Moun- 
tain. When all the infections that could be reached from the tem- 
porary camp on Short Mountain and from farm houses along the 
mountain base were destroyed, the men were transferred to the 
region near Great Cacapon Station and between that station and 
Berkeley Springs. 

The number of infections destroyed in Morgan County up to June 30, 
was 101, and the number of trees destroyed was 5,936. 

State Camp Built. 

In order to make possible the most effective work in Great Cacapon 
Mountain, Morgan County, where the largest infections are located, 



" 




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fuJfoM, 




j 




w 




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iik 






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wSy/Bf' 










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\ It 


i 




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: ^li 


jffo . *v2iHHh^ 


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laS 


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fyt& 


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Fig 16. Work of the Chestnut Blight. View Showing Mature 
Chestnut Killed in Forest Area. 



5S 



First Biennial Report 



[W. Va. 



the state was influenced to allow the purchase of a small tract of land 
and to furnish funds to buy materials for a substantial camp to be 
erected thereon and to be used as headquarters for the men during 
the long period necessarily required in destroying the blight in that 
region. Two acres favorably located about seven miles south of Great 
Cacapon Station were purchased at a cost of $12.00 an acre and during 
the period of heavy snows a camp was built and equipped to accommo- 
date a dozen or niore men. Infections including several thousand 
trees are located on the west face of Great Cacapon Mountain near 




Work of the Chestnut Blight. View showing Destruction 
Of Young Chestnut Stand in Forest Area. 

the camp, and an infection of nearly two thousand trees which was 
destroyed on Tonoloway Mountain, as well as numerous smaller infec- 
tions, are in reach from the camp. Work from this point began on April 
1, and was still in progress June 30. 



Scouting in Preston County and Along! Pennsylvania and Maryland 

Lines. 

During the year several of the wooded sections of Preston County 
were visited and carefully examined for blight. This county, which is 
well timbered with chestnut, is exposed to the blight fungus by an infec- 
tion in Pennsylvania and, on that account, it has been the aim to keep a 
careful watch there. So far, however, none of the disease has been 
found. At several other points also in the counties that border Penn- 
sylvania and Maryland, a hurried search has been made for blight. 



59X4.] State Crop Pest Commission. 



59 



Reports of Blight from Interior Counties. 

Several reports of the dying of chestnut trees in Randolph, Barbour, 
Upshur, Marion, Monongalia, and other counties have been followed up 
with the result, in every case, that dying was found to be due to other 
causes than the blight. Laurel Hill, which contains much chestnut 
timber, was followed through portions of Barbour, Randolph, Tucker, 
and Preston counties. Specimens of fungi collected on Laurel Hill, 
as well as others collected in Monongalia County and at other points 
west of the Alleghany Mountains, have been determined as harmless 
species that closely resemble the blight fungus. 

Effects of Forest Fire Injuries. 

Throughout the whole region where chestnut blight is distributed 
forest fires are of frequent occurrence, and in most cases run unhindered 
until stopped by heavy rains or by natural barriers, such as cleared 
fields, rivers and roads. A fire which burned northward along Great 
Cacapon Mountain, Morgan County, in the fall of 1912, covered an 
area of more than forty square miles; and many others burned over 
smaller areas in the same year. Within the territory burned at that 
time there were scattered spot infections of chestnut blight ranging in 
size from one tree to perhaps twenty trees. Ordinarily, the disease 
would have spread out from these spots at a moderate rate; but the 
fire scars on the trunks of the chestnut trees afford a suitable place for 
the entrance of the blight fungus, and thousands of trees are now 
diseased that would still be free from blight had they not been injured 
by fire. This result is especially noticeable on the west face of Great 
Cacapon Mountain where basal fire scars are so frequently followed by 
basal blight infections. 

Preventing and Controlling Forest Fires. 

Having noted the effects of forest fires in aggravating the spread of 
chestnut blight — as well as the more apparent and serious results — all 
hands have been instructed to use great caution while burning blighted 
bark and other infected parts of trees in the woods. Fires are set only 
at the most favorable times and these are carefully watched until all 
danger is past. Before setting fire to heaps of bark and limbs a space 
about them is raked bare of leaves and other inflammable materials. 
Smokers who belong to the crew are not allowed to smoke while 
scouting through the woods. As a result of this caution not a single 
fire has escaped from the thousands of those set during the year. 

It has been the aim not only to prevent forest fires but to endeavor to 
extinguish nearby fires that others have allowed to escape or have 
intentionally started. A fire that threatened to sweep the entire length 
of Third Hill and Short Mountains, in Berkeley and Morgan counties, 
was extinguished — without any assistance from the outside — in the 
fall of 1913. 



60 First Biennial Report [W. Va. 

Revisiting Destroyed Infections. 

Time has not yet allowed the revisiting of many of the destroyed 
infections. A few of them, however, located in Back Creek Valley, 
Berkeley County, have been examined recently by Prof. R. Kent Beattie, 
of Washington, and Mr. Flippo Gravatt, of Virginia, accompanied by the 
writer. Conditions, in these cases, were found to be very satisfactory 
— the evidence of the disease showing in but a few places. 

A Short-cut Experiment Begun. 

By consent of forest pathologists of the U. S. Department of Agri- 
culture, who have examined conditions on the ground, an experimental 
cutting of diseased chestnut has been begun near the state chestnut 
blight camp, on Cacapon Mountain. The aim of this experiment is to 
determine to what extent the spread of blight can be checked by felling 
the diseased trees and leaving them flat on the ground- — untreated and 
unburned. The grounds for hope of fair success in this apparently 
unscientific experiment lie in the fact that the type of spore that is 
wind-distributed is much less likely to be carried long distances when 
near the ground and when decaying blighted tree trunks become over- 
grown by weeds and other vegetation. Observations have shown that 
in cases where old blight cankers have been found on large trees near 
the ground and on small trees, the spread from them is very slight as 
compared with the spread from old cankers located high up on large 
trees that stand in prominent locations. It can be stated, on behalf 
of this experiment, that it is being begun in an infection which is too 
large to be handled more carefully with the funds now available; and 
also that the felling of trees is necessarily the first step in more careful 
control work which can be completed at some future time should the 
necessary funds be provided. 

Aid from Owners in Cutting. 

No cutting of chestnut trees has been done on land until after the 
owners were notified and their consent obtained. In most places where 
blight has been found the chestnut timber has been culled so closely 
and has been so frequently visited by fires that. owners consider it of 
little value, and consequently have been slow in responding to a request 
to assist in eradication work. Not a few owners, however, have aided 
freely and have promised to endeavor to keep their lands clear of blight 
in the future. 

Literature Distributed. 

Upon request of Mr. J. C. Nellis, of the U. S. Forest Service, a 
list of about one thousand names of timberland owners in Berkeley, 
Jefferson and Morgan counties was made up and a copy forwarded to 
him. On receipt of the names each was sent a copy of a bulletin 
entitled, "Uses for Chestnut Timber Killed by the Bark Disease." 

Bulletin No. 2, of the West Virginia State Crop Pest Commission has 
been widely distributed throughout the region where blight is found. 



1914.] State Ckop Pest Commission. Gl 

Keeping Record of Infections. 

A careful record has been kept of all infections found. This has 
been done by marking locations on field maps and entering data on 
infection sheets prepared for this purpose. The infection blank which 
is filled out for each infection contains the serial number of the infec- 
tion, a number referring to its location on topographic maps, its loca- 
tion by state, county, and magisterial district, name of land owner, and 
twenty other items descriptive of the infection, etc. On the reverse 
side of each sheet a simple diagram is drawn in such a way as to make 
it possible for any infection to be found without difficulty. 

Present Distribution of the Blight. 

The general distribution of blight in West Virginia has not been 
found, so far, to be greatly different^^fj^m that reported near the 
beginning of the past fiscal year (Fig./sf} ), namely, in the three eastern- 
most counties of the state. A small infection has been located, how- 
ever, as far west as Paw Paw, Morgan County, and, in place of the one 
infection reported in Hampshire County, a year ago, more than a 
dozen can now be reported. Outside of these western and southern 
extremes no blight has been found. What appears to be an authentic 
report, however, comes recently from northwestern Pendleton County — 
a section not yet visited. The small number of infections reported 
previously has been multiplied many times during the past year's 
scouting within the infected area and infections reported as containing 
five hundred trees are now known to contain several times that number. 



62 



First Biennial Report 



[W. Va. 



STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS ON ACCOUNT OF SAN JOSE 
SCALE AND CROP PEST FUNDS. 

April 29, 1912 — June 30, 1914. 

Balance 1912 appropriation $ 1.26 

Mar. 1, 1913-June 30, 1913 State Appropriation 4,000.00 

July 1, 1913^June 30, 1914 State Appropriation 10,000.00 

Mar. 1, 1913-June 30, 1914 Crop Pest Fund Receipts 871.64 

San Jose Scale. 



191 


2 


April 


29 




29 


May 


27 


June 


27 


July 


15 




31 


Aug. 


24 


Sept. 


21 




27 


Oct. 


10 




24 




28 


Nov. 


25 


Dec. 


24 




20 


1913 


Jan. 


27 


Mar. 


1 




10 




11 




31 



Apr. 



May 1 

7 
31 



June 10 



W. E. Rumsey $ 24.53 

W. E. Rumsey 183.33 

W. E. Rumsey 141.34 

W. E. Rumsey 202.76 

W. E. Rumsey 31.55 

W. E. Rumsey 125.00 

W. E. Rumsey 125.00 

W. E. Rumsey 66.54 

W. E. Rumsey 125.00 

W. E. Rumsey 36.32 

Farmers & Merchants Bank 16.20 

W. E. Rumsey 32.66 

W. E. Rumsey 125.00 

W. E. Rumsey 149.40 

W. E. Rumsey 150.56 

E. D. Sanderson 13.93 

W. E. Rumsey 125.00 

W. E. Rumsey 27.70 

W. E. Rumsey 183.33 

H. L. Smith 41.52 

E. D. Sanderson 29.81 

H. L. Smith 50.55 

E. D. Sanderson 11.89 

Anna Toynbee 12.50 

W. E. Rumsey 43.22 

W. E. Rumsey 183.33 

Ethel McClure 2.25 

Kentucky Tobacco Products Co 10.50 

Acme Press 1S8.60 

W. E. Rumsey 183.33' 

Anna Toynbee 50.00 

Remington Typewriter Co 104.25 

Thomsen Chemical Co 1.40 

W. E. Rumsey 77.63 

F. L. Bowman 164.85 

B. L. Marble Chair Co 14.32 

Gunn Furniture Co 24.48 

Dance & Burgess 24.15 

W. E. Rumsey ] 83.33 

Anna Toynbee 50.00 

Acme Press 18.50 

S. Spencer Moore 3.63 

Irving Pitt Mfg. Co 30.36 

Baker-Vawter Co 18.37 

Mathers Printing Co 26.50 

E. D. Sanderson * 32.93 

W. E. Rumsey 44.81 



1914.] State Crop Pest Commission. 63 



G. & W. E. Price 51.30 

30 Anna Toynbee r,IMMI 

W. E. Rumsey 183.37 

W. E. Rumsoy 78.95 

F. L. Bowman L3.67 

Kentucky Tobacco Products Co 10.50 

Rothweli Co 15.23 

Horticultural Chemical Co 1 •'•"■'» 

R. W. Johnson ] - 10 

Aug. 1 W. E. Rumsey 183.33 

Anna Toynbee 50.00 

Acme Press 127.75 

G. & W. E. Price 4.40 

C. D. & P. Tel. Co 4-95 

Acme Press 23.00 

John Wiley & Sons 36.00 

A. J. Dadisman -70 

R. W. Johnson 2.05 

D. N. Day 5-00 

G. D. Chase 7.50 

8 E. D. Sanderson 13.52 

30 W. E. Rumsey 01.55 

Anna Toynbee 50.00 

W. E. Rumsey 183.33 

Voigtlander & Sohn 53.29 

Bausch & Lomb 27.45 

McMillen Company 10.20 

Aug. 31 Irving Pitt Mfg. Co 24.00 

T. F. Hansbarger 26.35 

D. E. Swisher 17.40 

P. C. Manley 6.00 

L. H. Wolford 22.45 

A. K. Perry 10.30 

H. H. Green 7.70 

E. L. Scott 21.50 

H. L. Crane 10.40 

R. H. Gist 13.65 

L. E. Reynolds 12.45 

Edw. Behrens 9.85 

E. A. Tuckwiller 15.13 

Sept. 10 Mathers Printing Co 1.55 

J. M. Riffle 4.45 

Acme Press 2.40 

F. L. Bowman 10.00 

United Gas Implement Co 5.84 

H. S. Cushwa 4.80 

Oct. 1 II. L. Crane 39.00 

R. H. Gist 25.02 

P. W. Dayton S.77 

R. W. Muldoon 1 5.50 

J. W. Sitler 60.00 

W. E. Rumsey 145.4." 

Anna Toynbee 50. oo 

W. E. Rumsey 183.33 

Thomas Bros. . ~ 12. on 

Mathers Printing Co 15.30 

Acme Press 15.00 

F. L. Bowman 30.00 

7 A. K. Perry 36.00 

I). E. Swisher 48.00 

T. F. Hansbarger 78.00 

10 A. K. Perry 24. 63 



64 



First Biennial Report 



[W. Va. 



Nov. 1 



10 



24 



Dec. 1 



T. F. Hansbarger 81.10 

J. W. Sitler 39.24 

Reliance Engraving Co 4.68 

A. K. Perry 38.40 

T. F. Hansbarger 59.70 

A. K. Perry 66.00 

T. F. Hansbarger 54.00 

L. II. Wolford 36.00 

E. D. Sanderson 19.70 

II. S. Cushwa 18.85 

W. E. Rumsey 183.33 

Anna Toynbee 50.00 

Mathers Printing Co 23.70 

L. II. Wolford 18.00 

L. II. Wolford 11.75 

Acme Press 108.10 

T. F. Hansbarger 57.75 

L. H. Wolford 18.90 

F. L. Bowman 40.00 

W. E. Rumsey 183.33 

II. L. Smith 12.55 

W. E. Rumsey 102.70 

Anna Toynbee 50.00 

Mathers Printing Co 18.95 

Mrs. E. S. Marchand 4.10 

D. E. Swisher 23.00 

L. H. Wolford 22.70 

D. E. Swisher 27.00 

L. H. Wolford 30.00 

Central Ohio Paper Co 29.89 

T. F. Hansbarger 36.00 

W. A. Colerider 7.00 

W. E. Rumsey 183.33 

Anna Toynbee 50.00 

Ethan Allen 1.00 

Carrie Toynbee 4.40 

F. L. Bowman 30.00 

H. H. Woodford 40.13 

H. H. Woodford 16.00 

G. L. Albright 13.43 

II. II. Woodford 105.77 

G. L. Albright 36.31 

Snowden Webber 21.52 

L. H. Wolford 15.00 

T. F. Hansbarger 150.00 

L. H. Wolford 10.95 

T. F. Hansbarger 86.43 

T. F. Hansbarger 45.95 

A. B. Brooks 8.34 

T. F. Hansbarger 75.00 

L. H. Wolford 30.00 

H. L. Crane 27.00 

P. C. Manley 9.00 

R. W. Muldoon 10.50 

R. H. Gist 15.00 

H. xi. Woodford 48.51 

B. O. Woodford 36.33 

G. L. Albright 32.34 

Snowden Webber : . . . 18.48 

W. E. Rumsey 183.33 

Anna Toynbee 50.00 



10 



1914 
Jan. 1 



Feb. 1 



1914.] 



State Chop Pest Commission. 



65 



Mathers Printing Co 4.25 

Acme Press 7.00 

Reliance Engraving Co 3.50 

W. E. Rumsey 85.47 

7 W. E. Rumsey 14.83 

E. D. Sanderson 33.63 

II. L. Crane 4.95 

L. H. Wolford 8.25 

P. C. Manley 24.00 

F. L. Bowman 105.00 

Feb. 7 C. I). & P. Tel. Co 14.20 

R. H. Gist 23.79 

Snowden Webber 10.15 

24 Geo. L. Albright 23.50 

Snowden Webber 16.75 

II. H. Woodford 27.25 

B. O. Woodford 27.95 

D. E. Swisher 10.10 

L. H. Wolford 39.02 

Mar. 2 II. II. Woodford 60.00 

B. O. Woodford 45.00 

G. L. Albright 40.00 

Snowden Webber 40.00 

L. H. Wolford 42.00 

D. E. Swisher 12.00 

T. F. Ilansbarger 75.00 

P. W. Dayton 45.00 

Acme Press 42.25 

Mathers Printing Co 11.00 

John Wiley & Sons 2.50- 

W. E. Rumsey 183.33 

Anna Toynbee 50.00 

E. D. Sanderson 23.29 

W. E. Rumsey 33.96 

Washington Electrotype Co 1.40 

Reliance Engraving Co 6.53 

Morgantown Hardware Co 8.40 

E. A. S'vvink 24.00 

H. S. Cushwa 26.01 

C. D. Burns 13.70 

Z. W. Zitler 7.80 

Berkeley Installment Co 6.00 

W. O. Nichols 55.00* 

A. B. Brooks 42.09 

P. W. Dayton 23.45 

14 L. M. Munson 21.50 

April 1 B. O. Woodford 45.00 

G. L. Albright 40.00 

H. II. Woodford 32.34 

Snowden Webber 21.56 

W. E. Rumsey 66.19 

C. C. Keedy J 6.85 

L. II. Wolford 102.00- 

D. R. Dodd 48.0O 

E. L. Scott 63.00 

L. E. Reynolds 32.50 

T. F. Hansbarger 75.00 

E. L. Scott 23.48 

Carrie Toynbee 3.50 

II. S. Cushwa .8.83 

W. E. Rumsey 183.33 

Anna Toynbee 50.00 



66 . Fikst Biennial Report [W. Va. 

April 2 Central Ohio Paper Co 18.01 

Acme Press 1.00 

Mathers Printing- Co 2.50 

9 B. O. Woodford 25.90 

Snowden Webber 23.20 

H. H. Woodford 14.84 

Snowden Webber 15.55 

Geo. L. Albright 25.05 

H. H. Woodford 25.74 

Geo. L. Albright 21.75 

B. O. Woodford 30.07 

B. O. Woodford 20.30 

G. L. Albrigbt •_•<> To 

H. H. Woodford 19.05 

L. H. Wolford 17.00 

L. H. Wolford 12.65 

T. F. Hansbarger 63.10 

L. H. Wolford 21.35 

S. L. Dodd, Jr 16.33 

T. F. Hansbarger 78.59 

D. R. Dodd 15.70 

P. W. Dayton 21.65 

S. L. Dodd, Jr 18.95 

T. F. Hansbarger 2.65 

F. O. Dobyns 57.75 

10 Acme Press 179.70 

18 F. L. Bowman 10.00 

May 1 L. H. Wolford 22.35 

F. E. Timbrook 28.50 

S. L. Dodd, Jr 40.48 

T. R. Alkire 20.83 

D. E. Swisher 23.75 

D. E. Swisher 9.70 

R. H. Gist 34.04 

R. W. Muldoon 5.55 

T. F. Hansbarger 7.25 

T. F. Hansbarger 57.34 

D. E. Swisher 63.00 

F. E. Timbrook 24.00 

T. F. Hansbarger 75 00 

R. W. Muldoon 6.00 

L. E. Reynolds 7.50 

R. H. Gist 18.00 

L. H. Wolford 30.00 

Carrie Toynbee 3.50 

S. , L. Dodd, Jr 64.00 

P. W. Dayton 111.00 

T. F. Hansbarger 7.45 

T. R. Alkire 27.00 

H. H. Woodford 34.65 

B. O. Woodford 45.00 

G. L. Albright $ 40.00 

N. J. Giddings 18.17 

May 1 W, E. Rumsey 161.29 

W. E. Rumsey 183.33 

Anna Toynbee 50 00 

Matners Printing Co 5.00 

Mathers Printing Co 2.00 

June 1 P. C. Manley 1.00 

T. F. Hansbarger 75.00 

P. W. Dayton 18 00 

P., C. Manley 7.50 



1914.] State Crop Pest Commission. 

S. L. Dodd. Jr 

1'. W. I >ayton 

L. E. Reynolds 

s. L. Dodd, Jr 

T. F. Iiansbarger 

P. W. Dayton 

S. II. Fulton 

W. E. Rumsey 

S. II. Fulton 

G. L. Albright 

B. O. Woodford 

C. S. Rowe 

W. E. Rumsey 

Anna Toynbee 

Mathers Printing Co 

C. D. & P. Tel. Co 

F. L. Bowman 

20 P. C. Manley 

T. F. Iiansbarger 

S. L. Dodd. Jr 

S. L. Dodd, Jr 

B. O. Woodford 

G. L. Albright 

C. S. Rowe 

30 B. O. Woodford 

W. E. Rumsey 

Anna Toynbee 

Balance June 30, 1914 



67 



44.00 
69.38 
9.20 
29.89 
46.20 
14.00 
20.00 
21.07 
9.91 
40.00 
45.00 
40.00 

183.33 
50.00 
14.50 
4.18 
12.12 
9.30 
28.65 
27.07 
29.30 
15.80 
16.70 
18.25 
22.50 

183.37 
50.00 



14.000.31 



.95 



CROP PEST FUND. 



1913 

June 30 Mathers Printing Co 2.90 

1914 

Feb. 1 W. E. Rumsey 7.23 

June 27 T. F. Iiansbarger 35.33 

27 Guy G. Means 8.75 

29 L. G. Zinn 15.85 

Earl It omine 8.65 

C. E. Myers 7.70 

S. L. Dodd, Jr 21.55 

H. II. Greene 10.40 

Arthur Gold 18.55 

D. Brannon 5.10 

L. E. Reynolds 13.10 

D. E. Swisher 17.10 

R. M. Dalzell 26.50 

T. F. Iiansbarger 22.60 

L. II. Wolford 22.1 

C. E. Riley 20.85 

L. V. Thompson 14.37 

J. A. Vandiver 19.79 

I'. W. Dayton 20.27 

30 S". L. Dodd, Jr 36.00 

T. F. Iiansbarger 75.00 

1'.. 0. Woodford 22.50 

G. L. Albright 40.00 

C. s. Rowe 40.00 

Mathers Printing Co 1.45 

A. C. McClurg Co 7.40 

A. C. McClurg Co 5.40 



(>8 Fibst Biennial Report [W. Va. 

W. E. Rumsey 10.00 

W. E. ltumsey 66.57 $ 623.01 



Balance June 30, 1914 $ 248.63 

September 5, 1914. 
The above statement of disbursements <>n account of San Jose Scale and Crop 
Pest funds is correct. 

State Board of Control, 

By J. S. Lakix, President. 



1914.] State Ckop Pest Commission, 69 

BULLETIN No. 1. 

STATE CROP PEST LAW. 

RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE COMMISSION. 



Act of 1913. 



AN ACT to prevent the introduction and spread and to provide for the 
control of the San Jose Scale and other dangerous insects and 
dangerously injurious plant diseases affecting nursery, orchard, 
forest and shade trees, shrubs, vines, cuttings, seeds and bulbs, or 
affecting plants or parts of plants of any kind or such as may 
harbor such injurious insect pests or plant diseases, and repealing 
chapter seventy-two of the acts of the Legislature of one thousand 
nine hundred and seven. 

Appointment of State Entomologist and Formulation of Rules and 
Regulations by the Commission. 

Sec. 1. That the director of the West Virginia Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station, the commissioner of agriculture, and the president of the 
West Virginia Horticultural Society are hereby created, ex-officio, a 
state crop pest commission with powers and duties as hereinafter 
provided. Said commission shall appoint the entomologist of the West 
Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station as state entomologist and 
plant pathologist, hereinafter called state entomologist, and such as- 
sistants as may be necessary, who shall, acting under the authority of 
said commission be charged with and perform such duties as are herein- 
after specified. This state crop pest commission shall, from time to 
time, after due consideration, prepare a list of such dangerously 
injurious insect pests and diseases of plants affecting nursery, orchard, 
forest and shade trees, shrubs, vines, cuttings, seeds and bulbs, or 
affecting plants or parts of plants of any kind, or such plants or products 
of plants as may harbor such injurious insects or plant diseases, as 
may properly, within its judgment and the judgment of the state 
entomologist, be controlled or eradicated, and they shall cause such list 
to be published, along with particular specifications as to the nature 
and appearance of, and the manner in which said pests are generally 
disseminated. The state crop pest commission, shall at the same time, 
provide rules and regulations under which the state entomologist shall 
proceed to investigate, control, eradicate and prevent the dissemination 
of the said insect pests and plant diseases and to treat or destroy such 
plants or parts of plants or products of plants as may harbor such 
injurious insects and plant diseases, as far as may be possible, and these 
rules and regulations shall have the full force and effect of law so far 
as they conform to this act and the general laws of this state and of the 
United State; and any person, persons, firm or corporation who fails 
or refuses to comply with the orders or directions issued in writing 
under regulations provided by the state crop pest commission, shall, 
upon conviction thereof, be fined in the sum of not less than ten nor 
more than twenty-five dollars for each failure or refusal. 



70 First Biex.xiae Report [W. Va. 

Regulations Concerning Transportation of Nursery Stock Within 

the State. 

Sec. 2. The state crop pest commission shall have power to provide 
quarantine rules and regulations concerning the transportation and sale 
of all plants, or parts of plants, commonly known as nursery stock, 
within this state. They shall also have like power to provide like rules 
and regulations in regard to all plants or parts of plants commonly 
known as nursery stock, entering this state from without, and these 
rules and regulations shall be enforced by the state entomologist or his 
duly authorized assistants. 

State Nursery Inspection and Regulations. 

Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of this commission to provide for the 
annual inspection of all nursery stock grown within the state, prior to 
October first of each year by the state entomologist or his assistants, 
who shall issue a certificate stating the nursery to be apparently free 
from insect pests and plant diseases to the owners of all nurseries found 
entitled to the same, and it shall further provide regulations under 
which nursery stock brought into the state may be sold under the above 
provided certificates, and in accordance with the further provision of 
this act. It shall be unlawful after the promulgation of the rules and 
regulations provided for in this act for any person, persons, firm, cor- 
poration or common carrier to transport by land or water, plants or 
parts of plants commonly known as nursery stock, in violation of the 
same, and every such offense shall constitute a misdemeanor, and upon 
conviction thereof, the person, persons, firm or corporation, or common 
carrier so convicted shall be fined in the sum of not less than fifty 
dollars nor more than one hundred dollars for each and every violation 
of this act. 

Treatment of Infested Plants. 

Sec. 4. The state entomologist, or any of his assistants, or a local 
inspector as hereinafter provided, shall have power under the rules and 
regulations of said commission to determine the nature and method oi 
the treatment to which any infested plants, parts of plants, or plants 
harboring dangerously injurious insects or plant diseases shall be sub- 
jected, and he shall report his findings in print or writing, giving reasons 
therefore, to the owner of the infested plants, his agents or tenants, and 
a copy of such report shall be submitted to the commission, and there 
shall accompany each and every such report specific directions as to the 
treatment of the infested plants, or parts of plants, or plants harboring 
such dangerously injurious insects or plant diseases, which directions 
may be in printing or writing. In case of objection to the finding of 
the state entomologist or an assistant or local inspector, an appeal shall 
lie to the said commission, whose decision shall be final; such appeal 
must be taken within seven days from the receipt of such report, and 
shall act as a stay of preceedings until it is heard and decided. 



191-1.] State Crop Pest Commission. 71 



Execution of Prescribed Treatment. 

Sec. 5. Upon the receipt of the report of the state entomologist, an 
assistant, or local inspector, the treatment prescribed shall be executed 
at once, unless appeal is taken, under the supervision of the state 
entomologist, an assistant, or local inspector, the cost of material and 
labor to be borne by the owner of the premises. 

Infested Trees Marked and Owners Notified to Treat or Destroy Same. 

Sec. 6. That should any of the officers aforesaid, through their 
assistants or employees, or by any notification whatsoever, find any 
trees, vines, shrubs, plants or parts of plants infested or diseased with, 
or harboring, insects or diseases published by the state crop pest com- 
mission as dangerously injurious, the aforesaid officers shall mark or 
tag in some conspicuous way all trees, vines, shrubs, plants or parts of 
plants infested with or harboring the aforesaid insects or diseases, and 
shall give notice in writing to the owner or owners, tenant or persons in 
charge of such premises of the conditions thereof; and thereupon, if such 
person or persons so notified, shall not within ten days after notification 
destroy or treat the same in accordance with the rules and regulations 
of the state crop pest commission, which regulations shall accompany 
said notice, a copy of which rules and regulations shall be sent upon 
application to any person, then the state crop pest commission shall, 
through its officers, assistants or employees destroy or treat all such 
trees, vines, shrubs, plants or parts of plants. "Whenever any such 
infestation shall exist at any place, within or on the property of any 
non-resident, or on any property the owner or owners of which cannot 
be found within the county after diligent search by the state entomol- 
ogist or his assistants or a local inspector, or on the property of any 
owner or owners upon whom the notice aforesaid has been served and 
who shall refuse or neglect to eradicate the same within the time spec- 
ified, it shall be the duty of the state entomologist to cause said infesta- 
tion to be at once removed by eradicating or destroying said plant 
disease or injurious insects, their eggs or larvae, or by destroying any 
trees, vines, shrubs, plants or parts of plants harboring the same. The 
necessary expense thereof shall be paid by the owner or owners of the 
real estate from which said infestation has been removed in pursuance 
of this act. The state entomologist or his assistant or a local inspector 
shall serve or cause to be served upon said owner or any one in posses- 
sion and in charge of such real estate, a notice stating the amount of 
said charge, and further stating that if said charge be not paid to the 
sheriff of the county wherein said real estate is located within twenty 
days from the date of the service of said notice, that the same shall 
become a lien upon the real estate. Copy of said notice, including the 
amount of said charge together with the proof of service shall be at 
once filed with the sheriff, and if said amount is not paid to the sheriff 
within the time therein stated, said amount shall become a lien on said 
real estate and shall be collected as delinquent taxes are collected, and 
said real estate shall be sold for the non-payment of said charges the 



72 First Biennial Report [W. Va. 

same as may now, or may hereafter be provided by law for sale of real 
estate for delinquent taxes, and the county court shall order the sheriff 
to pay such charges out of the general fund of said county; and when 
said amount is collected by the sheriff it shall be paid back into the 
general fund of said county. The sheriff shall forward to the state 
treasurer on the first of each month all amounts thus received. These 
amounts shall be paid into the general fund of the state crop pest 
commission. 

Permission to Enter Upon Public or Private Property. 

Sec. 7. The said crop pest commission, its agents or employes are 
hereby empowered with authority to enter upon any public or private 
premises for the purpose of inspecting, destroying or treating insects or 
plant diseases determined and published by the state crop pest com- 
mission to be dangerously injurious, or such trees, vines, shrubs, plants 
or parts of plants as may harbor such injurious insect pests or plant 
diseases as prescribed in section one of this act. Any person, persons, 
firm or corporation who shall obstruct or hinder it or its agents in the 
discharge of their duties shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and 
upon conviction thereof shall be fined not less than twenty dollars nor 
more than fifty dollars for each such offense. 

Certification of Nursery Stock from Within and Without the State. 
Duties of Transportation Companies. 

Sec. 8. It shall be unlawful to deliver or give away within the 
boundaries of this state plants or parts of plants commonly known as 
nursery stock which have not been duly inspected in accordance with 
the provisions of this act and do not carry plainly attached to 
each car load, box, bale or package a copy of a certificate as herein 
provided, except that in case of nursery stock shipped into the state 
from without, the state crop pest commission shall provide by regula- 
tion for the acceptance of proper certificates from other states, and 
when so accepted it shall issue an official tag designating the fact, 
which tag must be attached to all such shipments, but no nursery 
stock shall be sold or shipped under the certificate issued as provided 
herein that was not raised in the nursery for or to which the said 
certificate was issued until such stock has been duly examined as 
provided herein and found to be apparently free from any dangerously 
injurious insect pest or plant disease. 

All transportation companies bringing nursery stock into this state 
shall immediately, upon receiving such consignment, notify the state 
entomologist of the fact that such consignment is in their possession 
or is enroute to some point within the state and give the names of 
the consignor and consignee, the point of shipment and the destination 
of such consignment, and the name of the transportation company 
bringing such stock and shall make such further report relative to 
such shipment as the state crop pest commission may from time to time 
require. 



1914.] State Crop Pest Commission. 73 

Each and every violation of this section shall constitute a misde- 
meanor and upon conviction thereof every person, persons, firm or 
corporation so convicted shall be fined in a sum not less than twenty- 
five dollars nor more than fifty dollars. This section shall not be so 
construed as to affect the action of common carriers in the transporta- 
tion of nursery stock under the provision of interstate commerce. 

Freeholders Petitions for Local Inspectors. 

Sec. 9. Upon a petition signed by ten freeholders of any city, 
county or magisterial district, it shall be the duty of the state ento- 
mologist, in person or by an assistant, to make a preliminary investiga- 
tion of the locality from which the petition is received, to ascertain 
if any trees or plants be infested with or harbor the insect known as 
the San Jose scale or any other dangerously injurious insects or 
plant diseases as determined by the state crop pest commission under 
section one of this act. If, upon such preliminary investigation, it 
shall appear that the San Jose scale or such other dangerously injur- 
ious insects or plant diseases as above mentioned are present in tue 
territory examined, the state entomologist may appoint a local inspector, 
and order a full inspection of such city, county or magisterial district 
to discover and locate all infested premises; and the local inspector 
shall report the result of such further inspection to the owners of all 
infested premises and shall give notice to destroy or treat the same 
as provided in section six of this act. 

Compensation of Local . Inspectors, How Paid. 

Sec. 10. The county court of any county or the city council of any 
city in which a local inspector has been appointed shall fix the com- 
pensation of such local inspector, whose pay, however, shall not in any 
case be less than two dollars for each day's work, and said local inspec- 
tor shall file before the said county court or city council from time to 
time an itemized account of the expenses and costs incurred in the 
performance oi ms duties, and a statement of the days actually occupied 
in the performance of the duties hereinbefore prescribed, and the same 
shall be allowed him and paid as other claims against the county or 
city, not to exceed two hundred and fifty dollars in any one year; but 
the county court of any county or the council of any city, may pay 
any sum in excess of two hundred and fifty dollars which it may 
deem proper. 

Execution of Recommendation by the State Entomologist. 

Sec. 11. It shall be the duty of the state entomologist, either in 
person or by an assistant or local inspector to supervise and direct the 
execution of any recommendations made under the provisions of this 
act, and all expenses of treatment, control and eradication of any 
infested trees or plants shall be borne by the owner of the premises 
upon which the same are located as provided for in section four, five 
and six of this act. 



74 First Biennial Report [W. Va. 



Registration of Nurserymen. 

Sec. 12. From and after the first day of July, one thousand nine 
hundred and thirteen, it shall be unlawful for any person, persons, 
firm or corporation either for himself or as agent for another to offer 
for sale, sell, deliver or give away within the bounds of this state, 
any plants or parts of plants commonly known as nursery stock, unless 
such person, persons, firm or corporation shall have first procured from 
the state auditor a certificate of registration which certificate shall 
contain such rules and regulations concerning the sale of nursery stock 
as the state crop pest commission may prescribe and be approved and 
countersigned by the state entomologist, who shall have full power, 
and is hereby authorized and required to cancel and withdraw any 
certificate upon satisfactory evidence that any rules and regulations 
governing the sale of nursery stock within this state have been 
violated by the holder of the same. The state auditor shall not issue 
any certificate of registration except upon the payment of the sum of 
five dollars and shall forward all certificates to the state entomologist 
for his approval before allowing the same to the party making applica- 
tion therefor, and all such certificates as may be granted shall expire 
and become null and void one year from the date of issue thereof, and 
any person, persons, firm or corporation either for himself or as an 
agent for another who shall sell, offer for sale, deliver or give away 
any plants or parts of plants commonly known as nursery stock without 
exhibiting a copy of the certificate of registration as herein provided 
for to each and every person to whom he shall sell, offer for sale, deliver 
or give away any such plants or parts of plants shall be deemed guilty 
of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be punished by a 
fine or not less than twenty dollars nor more than one hundred dollars 
for each offense. It shall be the duty of the prosecuting attorney of the 
county wherein the offence is committed to prosecute all violations of 
this act and all amounts recovered as fines for violations of this act 
shall be paid over to the State treasury- 
Disposal of Moneys Received by the State Auditor. 

Sec. 13. The state auditor shall set aside and reserve all moneys 
coming into his hands in pursuance of the provisions of this act, and 
shall from time to time draw his warrant for the same in favor of the 
crop pest commission in payment of services and expenses incurred in 
the inspection of the various nurseries of the state and the inspection 
of nursery plants sold by agents representing nurseries from without 
this state. 

Payment of Charges Against the State Crop Pest Commission. 

Sec. 14. All charges against any appropriations for or funds of the 
state crop pest commission shall be upon properly itemized vouchers, as 
may be prescribed by the state board of control, and shall be certified by 
the director of the West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, who 
shall be chairman of the state crop pest commission, and by the state 



1914.] State Crop Pest Commission. 75 



board of control. The said commission shall cause to be made a 
biennial report to the governor of the state giving in detail its opera- 
tions and expenditures under this act, on or before December first of 
each year, and it shall be the duty of the state printer to print the 
same in such numbers as the governor may direct and the cost of such 
printing shall be paid out of the general printing fund of the state. 

Repeal of Chapter Seventy-two. 

Sec. 15. Chapter seventy-two of the acts of one thousand nine 
hundred and seven, known as the San Jose scale law, and all other acts 
or parts of acts inconsistent with this act are hereby repealed. 

Passed February 21, 1913. To take effect from its passage. 

Approved by the Governor, February 2 6, 1913. 



76 First Biennial, Report [W. Va. 

RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE WEST VIRGINIA STATE 
CROP PEST COMMISSION. 

In accordance with the foregoing Act of the West Virginia Legislature 
passed on February 21, 1913, the following rules and regulations 
governing the operations of said Act are herewith adopted and pro- 
mulgated by the West Virginia State Crop Pest Commission. 

List of Insects and Plant Diseases. 

1. The following insects and plant diseases are considered as 
dangerously injurious to nursery stock, orchard, forest and shade trees, 
shrubs, vines, cuttings, seeds or bulbs within the meaning of the afore- 
said Act. 

Insects : 

San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus Comstk.) 

West India peach scale (Aulacaspis pentagona Targ.) 

Wooly apple aphis (Schizoneura lanigera Haus.). In nurseries only. 

Peach tree borer (Sanninoides exitiosa Say.). In nurseries only. 

Brown-tail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea Linn.) 

Gipsy moth (Porthetria dispar Linn.) 

Plant Diseases: 

Crown gall {Pseudomonas tumefaciens Smith & Townd.) 

Black knot (PlowrigMia mortosa (Schw.) Sacc.) 

Peach yellows. 

Peach rosette. 

Little peach. 

Fire blight {Bacillus amylovorus (Burr.). DeT'oni.) In nurseries only 

White pine rust (Peridermium strobi Klebahn.) 

Chestnut bark disease (Diaporthe parasitica Murr.) 

Cedar rust (Gymnosporangium macropus Peck.) 

Potato wart disease (Spongospra suMerranea (Wallroth) Jones.) 

The commission reserves the right to alter, amend, and change this 
list from time to time as may be deemed expedient. Insects and plant 
diseases other than those mentioned in the aforesaid list which are 
not ordinarily dangerously injurious will be so considered whenever they 
occur abundantly enough to damage the health of trees or plants. 

Quarantine Against Diseased Nursery Stock Within the State. 

2. . After July 1st, 1913, it shall be unlawful for any person, persons, 
firm, or corporations to sell, transport, or give away any trees, or 
other plants commonly known as nursery stock when infested with the 
San Jose scale, woolly apple-aphis, peach-tree borer, West India peach 
scale, gipsy moth, or brown-tail moth; or infested by crown gall, peach 
yellows, peach rosette, little peach, black knot, fire blight of apple and 
pear, cedar rust of apple, white pine rust, or the chestnut bark disease; 
or when dangerously infested with any other insect pest or plant disease. 



1914.] State Crop Pest Commission. 77 

Concerning Infested Nursery Premises. 

3. If, upon inspection, any nursery premises within the State prove 
to be infested or affected by any one, or more, of the insects or plant 
diseases specified in section 1 of these rules and regulations, the owner, 
or owners shall not be entitled to a certificate until said owner, or 
owners shall have satisfactorily carried out the directions of the state 
entomologist for destroying or eradicating the trouble. 

Notice is hereby given that any person, persons, firm, or corporation, 
doing business in this state as growers or handlers of nursery stock 
must not sell, transport, or give away the same unless accompanied by 
a certificate of inspection from the state entomologist setting forth the 
fact that said stock is apparently free from dangerously injurious 
insects or plant diseases. 

Inspection Certificates from Other States. 

4. All nursery stock entering this State from without must be 
accompanied by a certificate of inspection, satisfactory to the state 
entomologist, both as to form and the authority of the person making 
the same, which certificate shall certify substantially as above required 
in the case of nurseries within this State. As a guide to transportation 
companies as to whether a certificate is valid or not under this law, the 
state entomologist shall furnish to all nurserymen in other states or 
countries, doing business in this State, upon their request, official 
permit tags provided that the certificate of inspection of the person, 
persons, firms or corporations, applying for the same is .found to be 
correct and in proper form and the said person, persons, firm, or corpo- 
ration shall have procured the state certificate of registration as re- 
quired in section 12 of the Act of the Legislature of 1913. These per- 
mit tags shall be sold at cost. 

Transportation of Nursery Stock. 

5. All transportation companies doing business in this State, both 
by land and water routes, are hereby notified that on and after July 
1st, 1913, they must not, under penalty prescribed in section 3 of above 
act, transport plants, commonly known as nursery stock, within the 
bounds of this state, to be delivered at any point therein, except the 
same are accompanied by, and have plainly attached thereto, a certificate 
as provided for in section 6 of these rules, and in case of nursery stock 
entering this State from without for delivery in the State, such nursery 
stock must carry in addition to the official certificate of the state 
whence the shipment originated, the official permit of the State Ento- 
mologist of West Virginia, as specified in section 4 above. 

Inspection and Certification of Nurseries. 

6. It shall be the duty of the state entomologist, or his assistant, to 
inspect all nursery premises in this State at least once each year prior 
to October first, and to issue to each a certificate in proper form if" 



78 First Biennial Report [W. Va. 

found entitled to the same. On the discovery of any infested nursery, 
the state entomologist shall pursue such methods as are necessary to 
eradicate the injurious insects and plant diseases specified in section 
1 of these rules and regulations, and when accomplished a certificate 
shall be issued in due form. Certificates of nursery inspection shall in 
all cases be signed by the state entomologist. The state entomologist 
is hereby authorized to grant special certificates to dealers in nursery 
plants, upon satisfactory evidence that they are handling only properly 
inspected stock. 

Re-sale of Nursery Stock Purchased from Other States or Countries. 

7. All nursery stock imported into this State for re-sale shall be 
inspected by the state entomologist, or his assistant, and if found free 
from dangerously injurious insects or plant diseases, it may be sold and 
shipped under the certificate of the state entomologist as provided for 
under these rules. 

Whenever nurserymen, or others, purchase nursery stock from other 
states, or countries for re-sale they shall notify the state entomologist 
as soon as the nursery stock has been received, and they shall not 
unpack said nursery stock until a reasonable time has elapsed for the 
state entomologist, or his assistant, to make an inspection. Upon 
receiving notice of the arrival of any imported nursery stock it shall 
be the duty of the state entomologist, or one of his inspectors, to imme- 
diately examine such nursery stock. 

I/ocal Inspection for San Jose Scale, Peach Yellows, Black Knot, etc. 

8. The state entomologist is hereby directed to furnish to the author- 
ities of each city and county, as promptly as may be, a full statement 
of the conditions prevailing in the several cities and counties of the 
State as shown by the records of the State Crop Pest Commission, in 
relation to the infestation of orchards and gardens with the San Jose 
scale, peach yellows, black knot and any other dangerously injurious 
insects or plant diseases which may occur as set forth in section 1 of 
the Acts of the Legislature of 1913. He is also directed to furnish the 
same statement to all interested individuals in the several cities and 
counties of the State who may apply therefor, to the end that those 
who are concerned in the protection of the fruit industry from the 
ravages of these insect pests and plant diseases may take such action 
under the provisions of the State Crop Pest Law as they deem necessary. 
When a sufficient number of the freeholders of any city, county or mag- 
isterial district petition for a local inspection as provided for in section 
9 of the State Crop Pest Law, the state entomologist is directed to satisfy 
himself as to the needs of inspection in the community of which the 
petitioners are residents, either by making an investigation in person 
or by an assistant; or by consultation of the records in the office of the 
State Crop Pest Commission, and to proceed, in conjunction with the 
proper local authorities and the petitioning freeholders, to execute the 
law as fully as is practicable. 



1914.] State Crop Pest Commission'. 79 

Appointment of Local Inspectors. 

9. In the appointment of local inspectors, as provided in section 9 
of the State Crop Pest Law, the state entomologist is directed to advise 
with the local people as to their wishes in this matter, and to satisfy 
himself, by examination, that the persons selected for appointment are 
competent to execute the work required in an accurate and proper 
manner before issuing commissions to them. Local inspector's authori- 
zations shall be revocable at any time by the state entomologist when- 
ever the person holding the same does not appear to be accomplishing 
the work for which he has been appointed. 

Examination of Local Inspectors. 

10. The state entomologist shall in person examine all candidates for 
the position of local inspectors as to their fitness for such work before 
appointing them. 

Once each year, after receiving their authorizations, all local inspectors 
shall spend at least five days at the West Virginia Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station for the purpose of familiarizing themselves with all the 
details of their work and to receive instruction concerning insect pests 
and plant diseases. 

Duties of Local Inspectors. 

11. The state entomologist shall provide forms of records to be 
kept concerning all the premises inspected, and a special form of report 
concerning each and every premise found to be infested, which records 

■of infested premises shall be made out in duplicate by the local inspector, 
and one copy filed with the state entomologist, and the other filed with 
the clerk of the city council or the clerk of the county court of the 
county, of whatever city or county he may be serving as local inspector. 
The local inspector shall, in the manner directed by the state entomolo- 
gist, tag or ma'rk infested trees and plants so that the same may be 
readily recognized, but he shall in no Wise issue orders concerning the 
treatment of infested premises until he has submitted the report of the 
inspection of the same to the state entomologist and has received from 
him a confirmation as to the statement made in his report; and has 
been directed by the state entomologist as to the action that he shall 
take in regard to any case of infestation. 

Recommendation as to Treatment of Infested Plants. 

12. Upon receipt of the reports of local inspectors, the state ento- 
mologist shall issue at once directions to all those persons having 
infested premises, specifying precisely the nature and manner of treat- 
ment to be pursued in order to control and eradicate the San Jose scale. 
peach yellows, or black knot, or any other dangerously injurious 
insects or plant diseases which may occur as set forth in section 1 of 
the Act of the Legislature of 1913. In each and every recommendation 
particular specifications shall be given as to the materials to be used 
and the manner of their application, or measures to be adopted, and a 



SO First Biennial Report • [W. Va. 

copy of each such recommendation shall be furnished the local inspector 
for his guidance in executing the further directions which may become 
necessary for the state entomologist to send him. The local inspectors 
shall report in full once each week to the state entomologist, and shall 
report once a month to the city council or the county court of the city 
or county for which they are appointed, and shall submit a journal 
showing the premises inspected each day, with such general data con- 
cerning the same as directed by the state entomologist, and, as above 
directed, furnish duplicate copies of reports upon each infested prem- 
ise. Upon vacation of his office by a local inspector for any casue, he 
shall turn over to the city council or county court the duplicate copies 
of all recommendations issued by the state entomologist. 

Treatment Prescribed by the State Entomologist. 

13. The state entomologist is hereby directed to prescribe the 
nature and method of treatment of all plants whatsoever affected by 
the insect pests or plant diseases specified in section 1 of these regula- 
tions, and he is hereby charged with such investigations as to the nature 
and habits of these insects and plant diseases and the remedial meas- 
ures therefor, as will enable him to give the best possible service to the 
people. 

Appeal from Orders of an Inspector. 

14. Any appeal from the orders or directions of an officer acting 
under this commission in dealing with the subjects specified in sections 
4, 8, 11 and 12, of these regulations shall be made in writing, and 
shall be addressed to the chairman of the commission within seven days 
upon receipt of a written order to destroy or treat plants as specified 
under sections 8, 11 and 12 of these regulations. The person, persons, 
firm or corporation making an appeal shall be granted a speedy hearing 
by the State Crop Pest Commission, and accorded every opportunity 
to introduce material evidence relating to the facts alleged in the order 
of the officer requiring the destruction or treatment of plants. 

Supplement to Bulletin No. 1 (Vol. 1, No. 1). 

WEST VIRGINIA STATE CROP PEST COMMISSION. 

Rules and Regulations. 

RULE 15 — Wherever cedar trees are found which bear cedar 
"apples" or "balls," a stage of the cedar rust (Gymnosporangium 
macropus Peck) a disease dangerous to apples and listed by this com- 
mission as a dangerously injurious disease (See Rule 1), and which 
are within one mile of apple orchards or are so situated as to be a 
menace to such orchards in the judgment of the state entomologist, the 
state entomologist shall require the owners of such cedar trees to 
remove such cedar balls or to destroy such cedar trees, and upon the 
failure of the owner so to do the state entomologist shall proceed to 
eradicate such disease by destroying said cedar apples or balls, or by 
destroying such trees, at his option, as provided in section 6, chapter 



1914.] State Chop Pest Commission. SI 

14, Acts of 1913; and in the event that it becomes necessary to destroy 
such cedars at the time when the spores of said disease may be 
transmitted to the apple, then the owner or the state entomologist, 
whoever shall cut the same, shall cut and burn all branches and foliage 
bearing the cedar "apples" or "balls." 

All power and authority to make such additional directions and 
prescribe additional methods of treatment is given to the state ento- 
mologist; and this rule is to be regarded as an enlargement of the 
power given the Entomologist. 

RULE 16. — That after the notification by mail or otherwise to rhe 
person or persons as prescribed in rule 12, then at any time thereafter 
the state entomologist may officially notify the owner or tenant or 
person in charge of the premises to eradicate or treat the insect or 
disease or destroy the affected plants, trees, etc., in such manner as the 
state entomologist may prescribe, within the time prescribed by law. 
Should the person fail, refuse or neglect to carry out the directions of 
the state entomologist, then he shall have the right and authority to 
exercise the power given by section 6, chapter 14, of the Acts of 1913, 
and treat or destroy the same. 

In order to exercise the right of inspection, marking, tagging, etc., 
prescribed in the aforesaid act, the state entomologist, or his assistants, 
or any person he may empower, either local inspectors or others, shall 
have the right to enter upon the premises of any person or persons 
they may deem necessary to carry out, in good faith, their duties under 
the act aforesaid. 

From any notice or order made by the state entomologist the right 
of appeal shall be given to any person affected thereby, in accordance 
with the provisions of the act aforesaid. 

The above rules and regulations were adopted by the Commission 
February 19, 1914, and amend the rules and regulations previously 
adopted by the Commission in Bulletin 1, West Virginia State Crop 
Pest Commission. 

E. D. SANDERSON, Chairman. 



82 First Biennial Report [W. Va. 

Bulletin No. 2 (Vol 1, No. 2) 

ORCHARD INSPECTION 

APPLE RUST 

CHESTNUT BARK DISEASE 

Inspection of Orchards and Other Premises. 

In order to carry out certain provisions of chapter 14, Acts of the 
West Virginia Legislature of 1913, known as the State Crop Pest 
Law, local inspectors have been placed in counties from which petitions, 
signed by ten freeholders, have been received by the State Crop Pest 
Commission asking for such work. As a rule these petitions have come 
from the principal fruit growing sections of the state, or from those 
counties in which this industry is now developing. 

The men appointed for this work are all of mature years, selected 
with care and each assigned to the territory where his natural ability 
and training would be best suited for the work in that particular sec- 
tion. While the inspection work is similar in the main, the prevalence of 
some relatively new plant diseases in certain localities requires special 
attention, and a man to do the work who has, besides his training, 
ability and natural aptitude to overcome the prejudices and unbelief of 
the people concerning the life history and destructive effect of such 
diseases. These points, together with the most practical methods of 
control, must be made so plain to the uninformed that not only will 
such parties become interested in the subject under consideration but 
also see that by their assistance in fighting these troubles the com- 
munity, the county, and the state will be benefited. 

During the past summer eighteen inspectors were appointed by the 
Crop Pest Commission and placed in the field. Thirteen of these are 
orchard inspectors and the other five are employed in the chestnut 
blight investigation. 

Orchard Inspectors. 

Name. Home Address. Territory Assigned. 

Edward Behrens Sherrard, W. Va Brooke and Hancock counties 

H. L. Crane Morgantown, W. Va Harrison and Upshur counties 

P. W. Dayton Pinto, Md Mineral county 

R. H. Gist Wellsburg, W. Va Marshall county 

T. F. Hansbarger Peterstown, W. Va~ Morgan county 

Percy C. Manley Monongah, W. Va Jefferson county 

R. W. Muldoon Morgantown, W Va Wetzel county 

A. K. Perry Tunior, W. Va Berkeley county 

L. E. Reynolds (Jrape Island, W. Va Wood county 

E. Lowry Scott Orandview, W. Va Raleigh county 

D. E. Swisher South Branch, W. Va Grant and Hardy counties 

E. A. Tuckwiller Lewisburg, W. Va Preston county 

L. H. Wolford Fordhill, W. Va Hampshire county 



1914.] State Crop Pest Commission. 83 

Chestnut Blight Inspectors. 

Name. Home Address. Territory Assigned. 

C. L. Brooks Huckhannon, W. Va Eastern part of State 

J. Wesley Sltler Martinsburg, W. Va Eastern part of State 

C. J. DeHaven Martinsburg, W. Va Eastern part of State 

C. G. DeHaven llengary, W. Va ICastern part of State 

E. W. Miller ferrardstown, W. Va Eastern part of State 

Policy of the Commission Concerning' Inspection Work. 

Education and co-operation are the best and surest methods by 
which the state or nation can assist its people in checking the ravages 
of dangerously injurious insects and diseases. First the people must 
be convinced that certain insects or diseases are injuring or destroying 
their domestic animals, farm crops or orchards, and this can be done 
in no other way except by education. Having accomplished this end 
co-operation of a majority of the rural population is assured. This 
policy of carrying on inspection work has proved the most effective 
method adopted by the state, years ago, in its fight against the San 
Jose scale. 

Apple Rust and Chestnut Blight. 

In the eastern part of the state, particularly in Berkeley and Jeffer- 
son counties, a disease of apple trees, commonly known as apple rust 
or "cedar rust" has recently become exceedingly prevalent owing to the 
great number of certain commercial varieties being planted and the 
abundance of the common red cedar in this section. In this part of the 
state the people are at present well informed concerning the San Jose 
scale, black knot, and peach yellows; therefore, most of the time of the 
local inspectors here is being spent in an educational campaign con- 
cerning the apple rust, teaching the people its life cycle; the part the 
cedar trees play in its development; its injury to both the apple tree 
and its fruit; how the disease spreads; and the best method of check- 
ing or preventing its ravages. The subject of apple rust is treated in 
another part of this bulletin by Mr. N. J. Giddings, Plant Pathologist of 
the West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station. Mr. Giddings 
gives a plain statement of facts concerning the life history of this 
disease and the one sure way of preventing damage by it to the apple 
trees and apple crops in the red cedar belt. 

Another plant disease which comes under the scope of the State 
Crop Pest Commission is also getting a foothold in the eastern part of 
the state, and is threatening the valuable chestnut timber with destruc- 
tion. This new trouble is known as the chestnut bark disease, and 
within the last few years, has destroyed practically all the chestnut 
trees in New Jersey, Delaware, southern New York, eastern part of 
Pennsylvania, in a large part of Maryland and northern Virginia. An 
article relating to the character of this disease and methods of control 
will be found elsewhere in this bulletin by Mr. A. B. Brooks, Forester 
to the State Crop Pest Commission. 



S4 First Biennial Report [W. Va. 

Enforcement of the Crop Pest Law. 

The State Crop Pest Law gives the commission power to enter upon 
private or public premises and treat or destroy trees, shrubs, plants or 
vines that harbor dangerously injurious insects or plant diseases if 
the owner of such infested premises fail to do so after the property 
has been inspected by the state entomologist, his assistant or a local 
inspector, and legal notice has been sent to the owner to treat or destroy 
within a specified time. However, it is thought best, as already stated, 
to work for co-operation among the general farmers and fruit growers, 
and thereby reach the desired end peacefully and with the good will of 
the majority rather than to enforce the law at once, thus getting the 
enmity of many and stirring up contention between the parties where 
co-operation should prevail. After all the resources of a peaceable 
nature have been exhausted in trying to accomplish the object in view 
there will be plenty of opportunity to resort to the law. 

How to Secure the Most Good Through Inspection Laws. 

The inspection of orchards and other premises is but the first step in 
the work to be done by the Crop Pest Commission in its endeavor to 
assist the people of the state in their fight against dangerously injurious 
insects and plant diseases which attack the crops of the farmers and 
fruit growers. This work must be followed up by giving the people 
instruction concerning the most effective means of checking these 
troubles and showing them as far as possible how to apply the remedies 
and preventives for the different kinds of insects and plant diseases. In 
carrying out this phase of the work one often finds people of a negligent 
and forgetful disposition and the suggestions given by the inspectors 
are overlooked and therefore trees badly infested with insects or 
diseases are allowed to remain without being either treated or destroyed, 
to the menace of healthy orchards in the neighborhood. People of this 
character need to be often reminded of the duty they owe to them- 
selves and their neighbors in order that the most possible good to the 
community can be accomplished. 

Heretofore, owing largely to lack of funds, inspection work under the 
old San Jose scale law did not reach the desired end in some localities 
of the state, from the fact that the inspection was not followed up as it 
should have been. Under the new law the money furnished by the 
county courts for the inspection will enable the Commission to carry on 
the work to completion. This will be done by giving all the information 
and assistance possible concerning the treatment of insects and plant 
diseases, and by reminding negligent people of their duty in this matter. 
Where necessary, trees, vines, shrubs Or plants that harbor dangerously 
injurious insects or plant diseases will be treated or destroyed by the 
Commission in accordance with the State Crop Pest Law. 



1914.] Static Chop Pest Commission. 



85 



RUST OF APPLE. 

By N. J. Giddings. 

Introduction and History. 

The rust of apple commonly spoken of as cedar rust has received a 
great deal of attention during the past three or four yeais. This is not 
surprising, in view of the fact that as a result of its ravages since 
1909 the apple growers of West Virginia have sustained losses which 
will easily amount to a million dollars. The injury resulting from 
infected fruit is quite serious, the small size and poor quality of fruit 
on badly infected trees make a great reduction in the amount of crop 
and its value, while another item of vast importance is the lowered 
vitality of trees which suffer from the disease. In sections where the 
rust is prevalent, some orchardists have been heard to remark that 
their York Imperial trees, which are especially susceptible to this 
disease, did not seem to do well at all, while some other varieties were 
thriving. It is hardly possible for the trees to do more than live over 
from year to year when most of the energy they should put into new 
growth and fruit production is absorbed by the fungus which produces 
rust on the leaves and fruit. 

Every orchardist who has given this problem serious consideration 
must realize that cedar trees in the vicinity of apple orchards are 
directly responsible for the destructive outbreaks of apple rust. During 
1888 the United States Department of Agriculture published a very 
complete article on this disease and the relationship existing between 
the rust of apple, and the galls on cedar trees, commonly known as 
cedar apples. Some fifteen years ago one citizen of Martinsburg cut 
down some stately cedar trees in his front yard because he thought that 
they were injuring his apple orchard in some way. These instances 
are cited to show that apple rust has been known to both scientific men 
and to orchardists for a considerable number of years. It has sprung 
into greater prominence recently because weather conditions have been 
particularly favorable to its development, and because there have been 
great numbers of apple trees of susceptible varieties planted out in 
close proximity to cedar trees. 

Life History of the Fungus and Relation of Cedar Trees to Rust in 

Apple Orchards. 

The fungus whichcauses apple rust spends about seven-eighths of 
its life cycle on the cedar tree and only about one-eighth on the apple. 
The apple leaves usually become infected some time during May, and 
by late June the yellow spots on the leaves have become very noticeable. 
During July and August little tube-like growths are formed from the 
lower surface of these spots and spores are produced in them. These 
spores will immediately infect any red cedar trees to which they may 
be carried under favorable conditions. Visible evidence of this cedar 
infection is not to be seen until about June of the following year. At 
that time one may find the little brown or greenish galls! known as 



8G 



First Biennial Report 



[W. Va. 




Fig. 19. Cedar Apples Photographed just After a Rain. 



1914.] State Chop Pest Commission. ^7 

cedar apples, just beginning to swell on the twigs of the cedar. By late 
July or August they are quite noticeable, and in late autumn many 
small depressions may be seen on the larger cedar apples. It is from 
these little depressions that, the gelatinous spore masses come out as 
spongy fingers on the cedar apples in the spring, and again spread the 
rust infection to the fruit and foliage of apple trees. Two years are 
required for the complete development of the fungus upon both cedar 
and apple, and about twenty-one mouths of that time is spent with 
the cedar as a host. In some instances the fungus even continues to 
live for another year on the cedar and produces spores for apple infec- 
tion on two successive springs. From the above facts it will be easily 
seen that the cedar tree plays a most important part in the life history 
of the apple rust fungus. It should also be noted that the fungus has 
established itself so that the disease may cause serious injury to apples 
every season, if conditions are favorable. This possibility has been 
brought about by the fungus occasionally shedding spores from the 
cedar apples on two successive seasons. 

The cedar trees are not the cause of the disease, but the fungus 
which produces it lives over from year to year on them. If a person 
harbors a criminal he is likely to get into trouble, even though he is 
unaware of the evil in his guest. The cedar trees provide shelter and 
food for the apple rust fungus at times when it can secure such things 
from no other source. Since the cedars are of practically no commer- 
cial value in West Virginia, and the apple orchards are a great source 
of income in many sections, it seems only reasonable that the former 
should be destroyed when they are harboring this destructive disease 
within range of valuable orchard property. It has been demonstrated in 
West Virginia and in other states that removal of cedar trees in the 
vicinity of apple orchards puts an end to losses from the apple rust 
disease. A number of orchardists in Berkeley county who suffered 
heavily from the rust last year are reporting that the disease is of little 
importance in their orchards this season as they have cleaned up all 
or most of the cedar trees in their immediate vicinity. One man who 
has been greatly trouble by apple rust for a number of years, wrote to 
the Experiment Station stating that he had managed to get all the 
cedar trees near his orchard cut, except on one side and that the rust in 
his apple orchard was much worse on that side than anywhere else. 
Numerous examples of a similar character might be cited but it is better 
to see them than to hear about them. One other case which is well 
worthy of note is an orchard near Bunker Hill where the rust was very 
severe during 1912. There was a large cedar grove on one side of this 
orchard and a strong wind drove the rust spores into the apple trees so 
that the infection was more severe on the side next to the grove. The 
fruit on the badly infected side of those trees was little if any more than 
half as large as that on the other side, and as further proof of the 
weakening effect of the rust on the apple trees, it was noted this spring. 
(1913) that these trees had no bloom on the side next to the cedar 
grove, while there was abundant bloom on the other side. 



88 First Biennial Report [W. Va. 

Resistance of Varieties. 

Some varieties of apples are far more susceptible to the rust than 
others. Among those which are most seriously affected, are the Rome 
Beauty, York Imperial, Smokehouse, and Rambo. The Ben Davis 
frequently shows a considerable amount of infection, but the actual 
injury does not seem to be so serious upon that variety. Grimes 
Golden, Northwestern Greening, Winesap, and Blacktwig, are quite 
resistant, though the rust may be found upon any of them. The com- 
mercial orchardist should not hesitate about planting susceptible varie- 
ties, if they are the ones best suited to his purpose, but he should look 
after the cedar trees and see that there are none left where they will 
cause serious infection. 

Methods of Control. 

Spraying is not a very effective remedy against the apple rust. Exper- 
ments along this line have been conducted at various times and in 
several states, but the results have generally been unsatisfactory. The 
West Virginia Experiment Station has conducted a very extensive series 
of tests, to determine the practicability of spraying to control this 
disease. The facts which are brought out by this work thus far are: 
First, that the disease may be controlled by thorough spraying at the 
proper time with any of the spray materials commonly used in orchard 
practice; second, that the time when effective spraying may be done 
is limited to two or three days, and that for complete protection the 
time of effective application is restricted to one or possibly two days; 
third, that a very complete knowledge of the habits of the fungus and of 
its relation to weather conditions is necessary in order to determine 
the proper time for spraying, with any degree of reliability; fourth, 
that one such special spray application may not be sufficient to control 
the disease, as there may be two or more periods of infection; and 
fifth, that the most severe infection usually takes place at or about 
blossoming time. 

It would be very hard to find a commercial orchardist who would 
care to undertake a spraying program which presents so many diffi- 
culties, if there was any other way to handle the problem. There is 
another way in the case of the apple rust, and it is the destruction of the 
cedars — all the cedars — within a radius of about a mile of such 
orchards. This treatment will look like an endless task to some, but 
others have gone ahead and proven that it is both practical and 
economical, even where the cedar trees are quite numerous. There are 
indeed many cases where the removal of scrubby cedars from land will 
add enough to its value, either as forest lot or as pasture, to more 
than pay for their removal. 

Sometimes a man will say that there are no cedars near his orchard 
but that the trees are suffering from rust. Such a case has never yet 
been found to bear investigation. While there may be no large cedar 
trees near such an orchard, there are at least some small ones either 
near it or in it. Orchards have been examined in Berkeley County 



1914.] State Crop Pest Commission. 89 

which actually contained young cedar trees, although the cedar had been 
pretty well cleaned out around them. It is all right to get rid of the 
big trees first, but the little fellows must not be neglected, and it 
would be a much better plan to destroy them all at once. Some young 
trees will continue to come up from seed for a while, but they are 
easily handled, and will soon cease to be in evidence if a little care is 
taken to watch for them. The cedar is a tree which does not sprout up 
from the roots, so that there is no danger of reproduction by that 
method. 



90 



First Biennial Report 



[W. Va. 



CHESTNUT BLIGHT AND ITS CONTROL IN WEST VIRGINIA.* 

By A. B. Brooks. 

Along with the recent vigorous cutting and destruction of our crop of 
timber in West Virginia there has been a corresponding increase in value 
of all forest products. In view of this fact, it has become the duty of the 
state to adopt vigorous measures for the protection of the remaining 




Fig. 20. Fruiting Bodies of Chestnut Bark Disease Fungus on Body of 

Chestnut Tree. 

timber, not only from fires, but also from such losses as are suffered 
through the attack of insects and fungous diseases. 



The Chestnut Blight Fungus. 

Chestnut blight, one of the most serious fungous diseases that has 
appeared in the United States, attacks only the bark of chestnut and 
chinquapin, except in rare cases, the spores of the disease usually 
gaining entrance at some injured place on the trunk. Squirrels, as well 
as other animals, birds, and insects, are frequently responsible for the 
spread of the disease by injuring the tender bark of twigs and young 
trees and by carrying masses of spores from place to place. Trees of all 
ages are attacked by the blight and death results from the killing of 
the bark in the form of a girdle around the trunk or limb. 



•For additional information on chestnut blight see Bulletin No. 137, "The Chest- 
nut Bark Disease" by N. J. Giddings, issued March, 1912, by the West Virginia 
Agricultural Experiment Station, Morgantown, West Virginia. 



1914.] State Crop Pest Commission. 91 

It is not difficult to recognize the blight when found on live trees. 
The yellow or reddish spots of fungus on the smooth bark of young 
trees are readily seen in winter and summer. On old trees with rough 
bark the fruiting bodies of the fungus appear between the ridges of 
bark. The leaves on branches or trees that have been killed during 
the spring or summer wither up and hang on for several months, thus 
furnishing a conspicuous guide to infections. 

The disease made its appearance on Long Island, N. Y., about nine 
years ago, killing first the chestnut trees of the parks located in the 
region of New York City, and afterwards spreading to distant points. 
At this date the disease is distributed as far as Vermont, western 
Pennsylvania and North Carolina. In large sections of New York, Con- 
necticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and 
Maryland, the chestnut trees are practically all killed. Outside of these 
areas there are spot infections of various sizes. 

The sudden appearance of a new and extremely destructive disease 
is always a matter of great concern. This disease is of particular 
interest as there seems to be no record of its previous occurrence 
either in Europe or America. Some authorities have claimed that the 
fungus was imported from Europe and found our American conditions 
such that it developed as an active parasite upon the chestnut here. 
Others asserted that 'the fungus was a native species which had been 
existing previously as a harmless saprophyte, but, under favorable 
conditions, had suddenly become an active parasite. The problem ap- 
pears to have been solved by officials of the United States Department 
of Agriculture who have recently discovered the same disease in China.* 
It appears to have been established there for many years but their 
chestnut trees seem to be resistant and it has not shown itself seriously 
destructive. Undoubtedly it was imported to this country from China. 

Distribution in West Virginia. 

Prior to October, 1912, chestnut blight had been reported from three 
localities in West Virginia, namely, White Sulphur Springs, Greenbrier 
county, Whetsel, Preston county, and Pickens, Randolph county. Dili- 
gent search has been made recently at the first two places named, but 
none of the disease has been found. This leads to the belief that the 
specimens picked up by a summer visitor at White Sulphur Springs and 
by a tourist at Whetsel were of a nearly related fungus. That reported 
from Pickens was found to have been introducted on ornamental trees 
from a Philadelphia nursery. The small dying trees at this place were 
destroyed before the disease had opportunity to spread to the nearby 
native chestnut timber. 

In the fall of 1912 two men were appointed agents of the Bureau of 
Plant Industry to investigate the distribution of chestnut blight in this 
state. A somewhat hurried search was first made in Jefferson county 
and about a dozen infections were located, principally on the west face 
of the Blue Ridge Mountains. These infections are scattered at 



'See article in "Science," August 29, 1913. 



21 



First Biennial Retort 



[W. Va. 



intervals from a point about three miles south of Ha) pers Perry to the 
Clark county, Virginia, line and from the west bank of the Shenandoah 
River one mile above the town of Millville. W. Va., to the summit of the 
Blue Ridge. The number of diseased trees in these infections varies 
from one to over three hundred. The infections found in Berkeley 
county now number more than twenty. All are small, however, includ- 
ing from four to a dozen trees, and are distributed principally along 
Little North Mountain, and in the valley of Back Creek. The greatest 




Map showing present distribution of the chestnut bark disease in West Virginia 

as far as known. 

number and largest of the diseased areas are located in Morgan county. 
A few small and rather widely separated infections have been found 
in the northeastern portion of the county, not far from the Potomac 
River, but the most serious ones on the west slope of Great Cacapon 
Mountain, where more than five hundred trees in each of two infections 
are found to be dying. Besides these a number of smaller ones are 
found at intervals from near Great Cacapon Station to the Hampshire 



19 14. J State Crop Pest Commission. 93 

county line. Westward from here the disease has spread to a point 
near Orleans Roads on the B. & O. railroad, and at intermediate points 
several small spots have been located. The blight has recently been 
observed also in northeastern Hampshire county, whence it has doubt- 
less spread from the larger infections on the north. 

Without doubt several small spots of blight occur now outside of the 
areas mentioned above. The regions where chestnut timber grows, 
however, has been examined — though often in haste — along the 
northern border of the state from Monongalia county to Jefferson 
county, and it is reasonably certain that no large infections, at least, 
occur outside of the three or four easternmost counties. 

Of the sections not yet diseased it is probable that parts of Preston 
county are in greatest danger on account of a nearby large infected 
area in Somerset county, Pennsylvania. 

Control of Blight. 

Experiments to determine methods for the control of chestnut blight 
conducted by experts of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and of the 
Pennsylvania Chestnut Blight Commission have been so extensive and 
thorough that those now in charge of the eradication of this disease 
need not consume time and money in making further tests. In cases 
where the blight has attacked valuable ornamental or shade trees it 
may be possible to save them by careful tree surgery, and subsequent 
infections may be prevented by spraying with bordeaux mixture. The 
diseased trees that stand in the forest, however, must be cut down and 
their diseased parts burned. The process of eradication in this way 
is as follows: The bark on the trunk is first peeled to the surface of 
the ground from a point above where the tree is to be cut. The tree 
is then felled and if worthless is cut in pieces of a size that can be 
handled and burned, the greatest care being taken to gather up every 
fragment that contains the fungus. If the trunk is valuable it is peeled 
and only the bark is burned, with such parts as are diseased. The 
trunk thus treated is as valuable as that of any other chestnut tree 
provided it has not been dead too long. Sprouts that come up around 
stumps where blighted trees have been cut often become infected from 
diseased portions of bark left on roots near the surface of the ground 
unless the stumps are thoroughly burned or painted with creosote. The 
trunks or bark of the blighted trees may be piled on their stumps and 
burned, but the burning must be thorough if effective. It has been 
found more economical to use creosote in most cases. 

It is proposed to proceed along the following lines in the eradication 
of chestnut blight in West Virginia: The infections that have already 
been located will be visited, and an experienced cutter employed by the 
State Crop Pest Commission will assist the owners in destroying their 
diseased trees, or such parts as are affected, according to the method 
outlined above. In advance of this work a number of scouts employed 
by the Federal government and by the State Commissioner of Agri- 
culture in collecting statistics relative to the distribution of the blight, 
will search for new infections. Every reasonable means will be em- 



94 



First Biennial Report 



[W. Va. 




ip shots the location 
'to Sept I, Z9/4-. 



/EXPLANATION 

= Chestnut 

Blioht 
Infection^/ 



ployed for securing the co-operation of owners in destroying the blight, 
but in cases of failure to secure this, the trees will be cut according to 
the provisions of the recently enacted Crop Pest Law. 

The diseased areas in Berkeley and Morgan counties are considered 
most dangerous because they lie closest to the valuable chestnut timber 
sections of the state, and for this reason will be looked after first. 

It may be stated that there is reasonable hope for success in destroy- 
ing the chestnut blight and keeping it permanently out of the state, 
provided the owners are willing to do their just part, and provided the 
state legislature at its next session appropriates funds for carrying on to 
completion the work that is now made possible through funds supplied 
by the Federal government and through the limited funds available 
from the treasury of the state. 



1914.] State Crop Pest Commission. 95 

BULLETIN No. 3. 

Vol. 1. Xo. 3. 



THE SAX JOSE SCALE. 



W. E. Rumsey. 

Of all the insects that attack our orchards the San Jose scale is the 
most destructive and has caused more alarm than any other fruit tree 
pest. Since its appearance in the United States this insect has 
destroyed thousands upon thousands of fruit trees. Formerly it was 
not an uncommon sight to see large orchards dying from the scale, the 
deadened branches of the trees destitute of foliage and of an ashen 
gray color presenting a sickening aspect to the observer. Here and 
there in such an orchard one would see bunches of green leaves at 
the forks of the trees where new shoots had been put out in an effort 
to overcome the ravages of the pest (Fig. 1). At present, since satis- 
factory means of control have been devised, we seldom see large 
orchards dying from the effects of the San Jose scale, but the little home 
orchard and the few trees on town and city lots are still being killed 
bj' this pest each year because of the ignorance or neglect of the owners 
of such premises. 

Native Home. 

The San Jose scale is not a native of our country. This is one 
reason for its being so destructive to our orchards, for when a species 
of insect is introducted into a new country its parasitic and predaceous 
enemies are usually left behind and native beneficial insects are slow 
about attacking the newcomer. Furthermore the climatic conditions 
and environment in its new home may be just suited to its multiplica- 
tion and spread. Therefore, with a favorable climate and devoid of 
natural enemies the imported species become so abundant that great 
destruction is the result. 

In 1901-2 through explorations in Japan and China, and other 
eastern countries. Mr. C. L. Marlatt of the Bureau of Entomology, 
U. S. Department of Agriculture, found the native home of the scale 
to be in Northern China. 

Early Occurrence in the United States. 

About 1870 this insect became established in San Jose, California, 
on the property of James Lick, who for a number of years had been 
importing trees and shrubs from different parts of the world for 
beautifying his estate. In 1873, from this source of infection, the 
insect became a pest in the orchards in the neighborhood and soon 



*Aapidiotu8 pernicioavs — Comstock. 



90 



First Biennial Report 



[W. Va. 



spread from California to Oregon, Nevada, Washington and Idaho on the 
north, and to Arizona and New Mexico on the southeast. 

In 18 80 the insect was described and named by Prof. J. H. Comstock. 
Owing to the appearance of the insert in the city of San Jose it was 
given the common name of San Jose scale. However, this later proved 
to be a misnomer, for, as already stated the pest is now known to be a 
native of China. This name having been adopted and used for several 




Fi£ 



■Peach tree nearly dead from work of the San Jose scale. 
'Britton, Conn. Agr. Expt. Sta. 



After W. E. 



years it is exceedingly doubtful if the insect will ever be designated as 
anything other than the San Jose scale among the farmers and fruit 
growers of the United States. 

The first record of the occurrence of San Jose scale in the East was 



1914.] State Chop Pest Commission. 97 



in August, 1S93, when Dr. C. H. Hedges of Charlottesville, Virginia, 
sent an infested pear to Dr. B. T. Galloway of the Division of Plant 
Pathology, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, supposing 
it to be troubled with some plant disease. The specimen was sub- 
mitted to Dr. L. O. Howard of the Division of Entomology, who at once 
recognized the presence of San Jose scale, and the fact was thus 
established that this destructive insect had reached the eastern part of 
the United States and could thrive in this climate as well as in the far 
West. Upon investigation it was soon learned that the pest' already 
occurred in many of the eastern states. In 189 6 specimens of the scale 
were received at the West Virginia Experiment Station from Wellsburg, 
Brooke County, and Georgetown, Monongalia County, West Virginia. 
These are the first records of its having been observed in this state. 

Dissemination of the Insect. 

Soon after the San Jose scale was found in the East the Division of 
Entomology at Washington started an investigation to learn, if possible, 
how and when it was introduced. This work established the fact that 
the scale was brought East on some plum nursery stock purchased in 
San Jose, California, by two Xew Jersey nurserymen about 1886 or 
1887. These trees were transplanted on the grounds of the two firms 
and thus their premises became infested, and the stock sold therefrom 
started the eastern dissemination. Through the exchange of stock 
with other nurserymen many nurseries became infested and this insect 
has been scattered broadcast. While the transportation of nursery 
stock, scions and buds, are the principal means by which the San Jose 
scale is scattered from place to place, it is undoubtedly carried from 
orchard to orchard during the breeding season by certain large flying 
insects, by birds, and possibly by the wind. It may also be carried from 
tree to tree during the summer by those picking fruit or by the teams 
used in cultivation. 

Life History and Habits. 

Owing to the size and color of the San Jose scale (Fig. 3c) it is 
usually passed unnoticed by the fruit growers or casual observer until 
the infested tree is badly damaged. 

The mature female scale is nearly circular in outline, about the size 
of an ordinary pin head and has a ring and nipple at the center 
(Fig. 2). The male scale is oblong-oval and about half the length of 
the diameter of the female scale. The nipple is located between the 
center and anterior end on the male scale. Owing to the color of the 
mature scales a tree badly infested has the appearance of having been 
coated with wood ashes. 

The San Jose scale passes the winter in a half grown stage. A 
majority of the old insects and apparently all the very young are winter 
killed. Trie half grown hibernating individuals are black and about 
95% are males. With the opening of spring they begin to feed and 
grow, the males reaching maturity in April when they crawl from 



98 



First Biennial Report 



[W. Va. 



beneath their scaly coverings as perfect two-winged insects. About a 
month later the females begin to reproduce. The first males to be 
observed in an orchard by the writer were found during the first week 
in May and the earliest appearance of young was about the first week 









IM% : 






.,'--...-; ^- •;;•'' ..^... 



'^- -.;;., K, A- 






•**> #** *F* 



Fig. 2. — San Jose scale. 



(Much enlarged.) 
Sta. 



After H. A. Gossard, Ohio Agr. Bxpt. 



in June. Instead of laying eggs as is usual with scale insects the San 
Jose scale gives birth to living young which crawl about for a few hours 
apparently seeking suitable places to insert their beaks in the bark for 



a. 




Fig. 3. 



-Three common scale insects, (natural size), a. 
Scurfy scale, c. San Jose scale. 



Oyster Shell scale, b. 



1914.] State Crop Pest Commission. 99 

the purpose of sipping nourishment therefrom. They are minute 
creatures of a yellow color scarcely visible to the naked eye. After the 
young have settled on bark, leaf or fruit, they begin to secrete from 
pores on their bodies a waxy substance which hardens in the atmo- 
sphere and with their cast skins forms the scaly covering. This scale- 
like covering is of a creamy-white color at first, but gradually darkens 
with age, assuming a black appearance when the insect is about half 
grown and finally, on reaching maturity the color fades to an ashen 
gray. At the first stage in the development of the insect, both male 
and female are alike, but during later growth there is a marked 
difference between them. With the first moult both sexes lose their 
legs and antennae, or feelers, but when fully grown the males have again 
developed legs and antennas. They also have two perfect wings and in 
place of mouth parts there is an extra pair of eyes. The mature female 
possesses nothing more than the sucking mouth-parts and reproductive 
organs. While the mature male crawls from beneath its scale a perfect 
winged insect, the female has no means of locomotion and never leaves 
her scale. For about six weeks she brings forth her young, the number 
varying in different individuals from 100 to 500. With this rapidity 
of multiplication one can easily understand the enormous number 
produced by this species during a season. As reproduction continues 
from late spring or early summer, until frost occurs in the fall, is it 
any wonder that trees are killed outright by this pest? 

Kinds of Plants Infested. 

A great many kinds of plants, shrubs, and trees are attacked by the 
San Jose scale. The list given below is taken from Bulletin No. 12 
of the Bureau of Entomology, but since its publication many additional 
plants have been found to harbor this insect. 

Orchard Fruits: 

Apple, peach, apricot, pear, plum, cherry, Rocky Mountain dwarf 
cherry, persimmon, quince, and flowering quince. 

Bush Fruits: 

Raspberry, gooseberry, currant, flowering currant, black currant 
and grape. 

Nut Fruits: 

Almond, chestnut, pecan, black walnut, English walnut, Japan 
walnut. 

Miscellaneous Ornamental Plants, Forest and Shade Trees: 

Rose, hawthorn, spirea, fire thorn, Euonymus, English hack- 
berry, linden, accacia, elm, osage orange, alder, sumac, weeping 
willow, English willow, golden willow, laurel leaved willow, milk 



100 First Biennial Report [W. Va. 

weed, catalpa, Lombardy poplar, Carolina poplar, golden leaved 
poplar, silver maple, cut-leaved birch, mountain ash, Japanese 
quince, Actinidia, Citrus trifoliata, red dogwood, snowball, June- 
berry, loquat, laurel and Akebia. 

With all these plants and many others supplying food for the San 
Jose scale it is impossible to exterminate it when once thoroughly 
established in a locality. However, by proper treatment it can be 
checked and its injuries reduced to a minimum. 

Natural Enemies. 

The San Jose scale has many insect enemies both parasitic and 
predaceous. Up to 1906 Marlatt records eight species of true parasites 
in Bulletin No. 62 of the Bureau of Entomology. None of these feed on 
it exclusively but attack other species of scale insects. One often finds 
San Jose scale with a tiny hole in the scale, this is evidence of the 
escape of one of these minute parasitic flies in its winged stage, the 
grub or larval stage having been passed within the body of the scale 
insect. 

Among its pedaceous insect enemies the ladybirds hold first rank. 
A little black ladybird known scientificially as Microweisea misella 
is usually the most abundant species in scale infested orchards and 
destroys great numbers of the pest. In China the scale is attacked 
by a ladybird * very closely resembling our native twice-stabbed f lady- 
bird, which is perhaps the greatest agency in keeping the pest in 
check in that country. This foreign ladybird has been imported into 
the United States and attempts made to colonize it at Washington, D. C. 
and in many of the states, but without avail, except for a time in Georgia. 
The colony at Washington where breeding was carried on for the pur- 
pose of sending colonies to the different states seemed to flourish until 
the scale infested trees were somewhat cleaned up by the ladybird, and 
it was attacked by one of our native parasitic insects which destroyed 
it in great numbers. One species of insect is preyed upon by another 
and it often happens that the one destroyed would be beneficial to man 
in attacking insects which destroy crops. This condition of affairs 
reminds us of the old adage: 

"So naturalists observe, a flea 
Has smaller fleas that on him prey ; 
And these have smaller still to bite 'em ; 
And so proceed ad infinitum." 

Besides the insect enemies of the San Jose scale just mentioned there 
are some fungous diseases that attack this species and in certain sec- 
tions of the United States have done much toward checking its multi- 
plication for a time. Weather conditions must be suitable in order 
that these diseases may increase sufficiently to destroy many scale 



*Chilocorus similis. 
■\CMlocorus Mvnlnerus. 



1914.] 



State Ckop Pest Commission. 101 



insects. Warm moist weather is conducive to the increase and spread 
of fungous diseases. 

Although the San Jose scale has many natural enemies, yet up to the 
present it has been steadily on the increase in practically all sections 
where it has been introduced and the climatic conditions are favorable 
for its multiplication. Occasionally it is reported that an insect or 
disease has appeared that will annihilate the scale and thus no more 
time and money need be spent in spraying to control it. During the 
past season (1913.) a report of this character started in Pennsylvania 
and the newspapers spread it broadcast. We would advise farmers and 
fruit growers to go slow in accepting such rumors and to stick closely 
to the spray pump — a sure destroyer of the San Jose scale. Not until 
this pest is found in every orchard and dooryard is there much hopes 
of its being held in check by natural enemies, imported or otherwise, 
for the pest must be abundant enough at all times to furnish sufficient 
food for the maintenance of these scale destroyers. When the scale is 
killed out in one place there must be more nearby or the beneficial 
insects will die of starvation. 

Methods of Control. 

Since the San Jose scale is a sucking insect, spray materials that 
kill by contact must be used to destroy it. However, no weak material 
will suffice since the insect is well protected by its scale. Therefore 
to accomplish the desired end, strong, penetrating or corrosive sub- 
stances must be employed and in order not to injure the infested plants 
the application must be made during the dormant season. While it is 
possible to kill the newly born scale insects with materials that do not 
injure growing plants still this is not practical since the San Jose scale is 
being born continuously throughout the summer season. Therefore all 
spray materials described in this bulletin for this insect refer to those 
. used on dormant trees. 

In California where the scale commenced to damage the fruit trees 
in and about San Jose the people began devising ways and means to 
control it, and luckily hit upon a mixture of lime, sulphur and salt 
which was used in Australia as a sheep dip. This material proved 
effective and has been used since that time with but slight changes. 

When it was found that the San Jose scale had established itself in 
the eastern United States, experiments for its control were at once 
instituted by the Division of Entomology at Washington and were 
soon taken up by the state Experiment Stations. Among the first 
materials to be tried was the California wash but at first this did not 
seem to be giving satisfactory results; therefore, many other substances 
were tested, among which might be mentioned kerosene (lamp oil), 
crude petroleum, whale oil soap, kerosene emulsion and miscible oils. 

Kerosene and Crude Petroleum. 

In testing these oils hundreds, yes thousands of fruit trees were 
either killed outright or severely injured. Peach trees suffered most 



102 First Biennial Report [W. Va. 

during this reign of uncertainty and experimentation. In an orchard 
of apple and peach trees where several grades of crude petroleum had 
been used the writer saw every peach tree killed and the apple trees 
so badly injured that it took several years for them to regain their 
former vigor. To spray with pure kerosene or crude petroleum without 
injuring the trees it is necessary to use it when weather conditions are 
just right and apply only enough to dampen the bark, still the trees 
must be completely covered with the material to properly check the 
San Jose scale. There are too many requirements to be kept in mind 
to make these non-emulsified oils of practical use as spray materials 
against the San Jose scale for the average fruit grower. 

Whale-oil Soap. 

Whale-oil soap is an exceedingly valuable insecticide for soft bodied 
sucking insects and will also destroy mature scale insects if used with 
sufficient strength. However, as a rule, it is too expensive for general 
use as an orchard spray and has been superseded by other substance 
for fighting the San Jose scale. 

Kerosene and Crude-oil Emulsion. 

Kerosene, or crude-oil emulsions have been used extensively and sat- 
isfactorily against the San Jose scale and are often employed because 
the materials are always easily secured. They are made as follows: 
Dissolve one-half pound of hard soap (sliced thin) or one pint of soft 
soap, in one gallon of hot water, and to this add two gallons of kerosene 
or crude-oil. Now agitate the mixture for eight or ten minutes by 
pumping it through a pump. This churning will convert the substance 
into a creamy mass and must be so thoroughly done that no free oil is 
present in the mixture. For use against the San Jose scale in the 
winter when the trees are dormant take one part of this stock emul- 
sion to 3 or 4 parts of water. As a summer spray against plant lice 
and the like, use one part of the emulsion to 10 or 12 parts of water. 
Spray thoroughly. 

Miscible Oil Sprays. 

On account of the introduction and spread of the San Jose scale in 
the United States several companies have sprung up for the purpose of 
manufacturing concentrated spray materials for use against this insect. 
There are now on the market many brands of miscible oils or so-called 
soluble oils sprays known under various trade names. These materials 
are more desirable to handle but cost more than lime sulphur, and some 
brands do not seem to give as uniform results; however, owing to their 
spreading and penetrating qualities many orchardists still prefer to use 
these emulsified oils in the fall or winter on badly infested orchards, 
following up in the spring, just before the buds open, with an applica- 
tion of lime sulphur as another safeguard against the scale and also to 
check fungous diseases. 



1914.] State Chop Pest Commission. 103 

Miscible oil sprays can be readily made by tbe orchardist. For 
information concerning their preparation see Bulletin No. 85, Pennsyl- 
vania Agricultural Experiment Station, State College, Pa.; Bulletin No. 
49, Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station; Storrs, Conn, and Bulletin 
No. 75, Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station, Newark, Delaware. 
These may be secured by writing to the stations where they are pub- 
lished. 

Lime Sulphur Sprays. 

Lime sulphur is now considered by the majority of fruit growers to be 
the cheapest and best spray to use against the San Jose scale. While 
the formulas for making the home product may vary somewhat as to 
the amount of ingredients used, as a rule any one of them will give 
good results. An excess of lime produces a whiter coating on the trees 
but is objectionable in that it is more difficult to spray and is a slight 
waste of material. 

Home-made Lime Sulphur for Immediate L'se. 

Stone lime (unslaked) 20 lbs. 

Flowers (or flour) of sulphur 15 lbs. 

Water to make 50 gal. 

Slake the lime in a small quantity of hot water in the cooking vessel. 
Either sift the sulphur or, better still, make it into a paste by using a 
little water and add it to the slaking lime. Add more water and boil 
for 60 minutes, stirring occasionally. Dilute to 50 gallons and apply at 
once. Strain before placing in a spray pump or tank. If needed in 
large quantities cooking by steam is more convenient. 

Home-made Concentrated Lime Sulphur 

Stone lime ( unslaked i 40 lbs. 

Flowers (or flour) of sulphur, or ground brimstone SO lbs. 

Water to make 50 gal. • 

With a few gallons of hot water in the cooking vessel add the lime 
gradually. Have the sulphur worked into a paste with a little water 
and pour it slowly into the slaking lime. Stir constantly to prevent the 
formation of lumps. When the slaking is finished add water to make 
50 gallons and boil lightly for an hour. When through boiling add 
enough water to make up for evaporation. If steam is used for cooking 
no water need be added since the condensation of the steam will com- 
pensate for the evaporation. This product will keep if stored in filled 
and tightly corked containers. 

Each batch of this mixture should be tested with a Beaume 
hydrometer and its strength noted, which will vary from 24° to 27° 
Beaume. Hydrometers can be had from Bausch and Lomb Optical Co., 
Rochester, N. Y., and from the Carbondale Glass Co., Carbondale, Pa. 

A number of spray manufacturers include in their output a concen- 
trated form of lime sulphur which is at present being used extensively 



304 First Btexnial Report [W. Va. 

by fruit growers. The commercial product is more concentrated than 
the home-made material, usually testing at least 33° Beaume. 

Following is a table giving the dilutions for different readings of the 
hydrometer for both the San Jose scale dormant spray and summer 
spray for plant diseases. 

Dilution Table for Lime Sulphur Solutions. 



F 


Leading on Beaume 
Hydrometer. 


Number of Gallons of Water to One Gal- 
lon of Lime Sulphur Solution. 




For San Jose Scale. 
Dormant Spraying Only. 


For Summer 
Spraying. 


36 




9 

8% 

8 1/4 
8 

?y 2 

71/4 

63/ 4 

6% 
6 

5% 
51/4 
5 
4% 

4% 
3 3/4 

3% 

31/4 

3 

234 

2% 

21/4 
2 


45 


35 




43% 


34 


.. 


41% 


<n 


.. 


40 


3? 


>> 


37% 


si 


>> 


3 614 


so 


>> 


34% 


9C( 


" 


32 34 


?8 


». 


31 


97 


>> 


2 9y, 


?6 


>» 


21% 


?*> 


>' 


26 


914 


" 


2414 


?3 


» 


2234 


?!fl 


" 


2114 


31 


" 


19 34 


?0 


;, 


18% 


1 9 


" 


17 


1 8 


>> 


16 


17 


>> 


15 


1 6 


» 


14 


15 


" 


12% 









How to Spray. 

Your spray material may be ideal but thoroughness of its application 
is the price of success no matter what kind of insect or plant disease 
you are trying to control. Do not forget this admonition in your fight 
against the San Jose scale. Remember the minuteness of an individual 
scale and that each one must be hit with the insecticide to kill it. 
Therefore the infested tree must be completely covered with the 
material, and this can be done only by spraying from all four sides. 
As already stated the San Jose scale sprays mentioned in this bulletin 
are for use or dormant trees, which means they can be applied at any 
time from late fall, after the wood has ripened and the foliage is down, 
until early spring just before the buds open. 

In beginning the fight against this insect where the trees are badly 
infested it is a good plan to spray twice while the trees are dormant. 
One application being made in the fall and the other in the spring. 
However, after the pest is once under control one careful spraying each 
year will suffice. If infested trees are pruned before spraying is begun 
a considerable amount of material may be saved and the work may 
also be more readily done. 



1914.] State Crop Pest Commission. 105 

Conclusion. 

To get concerted action against injurious insects and plant diseases 
in West Virginia the Crop Pest Commission is making an earnest effort 
to keep these troubles continually before the farmers and fruit growers 
of the state by means of conferences, publications and work of the local 
inspectors. By these activities it is hoped that all concerned may be 
led to more fully appreciate the seriousness of the situation and join 
hands in the fight for relief. It has already been demonstrated that by 
thorough spraying anyone may control the San Jose scale in his orchard. 
Other troubles such as apple rust and the like, which now confront the 
fruit grower or may appear in the future, we believe can and will be 
subdued through investigations of the Experiment Station and by the 
co-operation of the people at large. 

One of the duties of the State Entomologist is to identify specimens 
of insects which are injuring the crops of farmers and fruit growers, 
and give instructions concerning the best known methods for preventing 
damage from these pests. Therefore, to accomplish the most good 
possible along this line, we request all who desire advice to send speci- 
mens of insects and their work with a description of the damage done 
by them, to the State Entomologist, Morgantown, W. Va. Pack in tin 
or wooden boxes and mail by parcel post. Do not forget to put the 
name and address of the sender on the package. 

Spray Pumps and Insecticides. 

For the convenience of the fruit grower a list of some spray pump 
and insecticide manufacturers is given below: 

Manufacturers of Spray Machinery. 

American Sprayer Co., Minneapolis, Minn. General. 
Barnes Mfg. Co., Mansfield, Ohio. Hand outfits. 
Bateman Mfg. Co., Grenloch, N. J. General. 
Bean Spray Pump Co., Cleveland, Ohio. General. 
Binks Spraying Machinery Co., Chicago, 111. General. 
Champion Mfg. Co., Pontiac, Mich. Power outfit. 
Cushman Power Sprayer Co., Lincoln, Neb. Power outfit. 

E. C. Brown Co., Rochester, N. Y. General. 
Dayton Supply Co., Dayton, Ohio. General. 
Deming Co., Salem, Ohio. General. 

R. H. Deyo & Co., Binghamton, N. Y. Power outfit. 

W. & B. Douglas, Middleton, Pa. Power outfit. 

Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Power outfit. 

Field Force Pump Co., Elmira, N. Y. General. 

Friend Mfg. Co., Gasport, ]Si. Y. General. 

Gilson Mfg. Co., Port Washington, Wis. Power outfit. 

U. S. Grant Power Sprayer Co., Winchester, Va. Power outfit. 

Goulds Mfg. Co., Seneca Falls, N. Y. General. 

Griffith & Turner, Baltimore, Md. General. 

The Hardie Mfg. Co., Hudson, Mich. General. 

Hurst Mfg. Co., Canton, Ohio. General. 

International Harvester Co. Local agencies. Power outfit. 

Latham & Co., Canton, Ohio. General. 

Morrill & Morley, Benton Harbor, Mich. Hand outfits. 

F. E. Myers <£ Bro., Ashland, Ohio. General line of pumps. 



106 First Biennial Report [W. Va. 

The New Way Motor Co., Lansing, Mich. Power outfits. 
Niagara Spraying Co., Middleport, N. Y. Carbonic Acid Gas. 
Olds Gas Power Co., Lansing, Mich. Power outfits. 
Pierce-Loop Co., Northeast, Pa. Compressed air. 
Spramotor Co., Buffalo, N. Y. General. 
Wm. Stahl Sprayer Co., Quincy, 111. Hand outfits. 

Manufacturers of Spray Materials. 

Grasselli Chemical Co., Cleveland, Ohio. General. 

Thomsen Chemical Co., Baltimore, Md. General. 

Sherwin-Williams Co., Cleveland, Ohio. General. 

Toledo Rex Co., Toledo, Ohio. Lime sulphur solution. 

B. G. Pratt Co., New York. General. 

Bowker Insecticide Co., Boston, Mass. General. 

Vreeland Chemical Co., New York. N. Y. Insecticides. 

Battelle & Renwick, New York, N. Y. Sulphur. 

Bergenport Sulphur Works, New York, N. Y. Sulphur. 

James Good, 939-941 N. Front St., Phila., Pa. Whale-oil soap. 



1914.] State Crop Pest Commission. 107 

Bulletin No. 4 (Vol. 1, No. 4) 

THE PERIODICAL CICADA IN WEST VIRGINIA IN 1914. 

W. E. Rumsey. 

The periodical cicada*, or so-called seventeen year locust, is a unique 
insect in point of longevity and subterranean existence. This insect is 
peculiar to America and appears in different broods in various parts of 
the country. It is now known that there are two distinct races of the 
cicada — one requiring seventeen years to complete its development while 
the other takes but thirteen years. In the main the former occupies 
the northern or northeastern part of the United States, while the latter 
occurs in the southern or southeastern portions of the country; how- 
ever, the extent of their range is such that the two races overlap 
considerably. 

Since West Virginia does not have any broods of the thirteen year 
race we will direct our attention to the other race and especially to 
Brood V (Marlatt) which will occur this year (1914) in the greater 
portion of the state. This brood will appear throughout the counties 
of Barbour, Braxton, Brooke, Calhoun, Clay, Doddridge, Gilmer, Har- 
rison, Jackson, Lewis, Marion, Marshall, Monongalia, Ohio, Pleasants, 
Ritchie, Roane, Taylor, Tyler, Upshur, Wetzel, Wirt, and Wood. It will 
also occur in a large portion of Grant, Hardy, Kanawha, Mason, Nicholas, 
Preston, Putnam, Randolph, Tucker and Webster counties. Besides the 
places mentioned the insect will likewise be present in a small area in 
the northwestern part of Fayette County, in a narrow belt across the 
western part of Mineral County, in the southwestern half of Hancock 
County and the northwestern corner of Pocahontas County with a 
detached area in its center. This brood, which occurs in 3 7 of the 55 
counties, is undoubtedly the largest in West Virginia. The shaded 
portion of the map (Fig. 3) represents the portion of- the state occupied 
by this brood in its 189 7 appearance. 

Life History and Habits. 

Those who have witnessed the occurrence of a brood of the cicada can 
never forget the incessant din produced by the f-a-r-r-o song of 
thousands of males and the characteristic attitude assumed by the 
voiceless females busily engaged in puncturing twigs in which to deposit 
their eggs. 

From four to six weeks is the duration of the adult existence of the 
cicada. During the month of June the females deposit (it is estimated) 
from 400 to 600 eggs in punctures made for this purpose in twigs. 
Figure 1 illustrates these punctures. The duration of the egg stage 
varies, owing to different weather conditions, from six to seven weeks. 
The eggs are about one-twelfth of an inch long and are of a pearly 
white color and exceedingly delicate. 



^Cicada septendeoim, Linn. 



108 



First Bjexaial Report 



[W. Va. 




Plate 1. — Transformation of the Periodical Cicada from the last 
nymphal stage to adult. 1, Nymph ready for last moult. 2 and 3, 
Emergence of adult. 4, Newly emerged adult. 5, Adult with wings 
spread. (After Marlatt.) 



1914.] State Crop Pest Commission. 109 



The newly hatched cicada is not more than one-sixteenth of an inch 
long, of a yellowish-white color, except the claws of the front legs and 
the eyes which are reddish. This creature runs about with a quick 
motion as soon as hatched, goes to the side of the twig, deliberately 
tumbles off, and, owing to its lightness, settles gently to the ground. 
Here it immediately enters the soil through a crack in the surface or at 
the base of a plant where it remains at a depth varying from one to six 
feet, for nearly seventeen years, feeding upon the juices from roots of 
plants or upon nourishment obtained from the moist soil itself. It 
undergoes all its nymphal changes except the last one, in the earth. 
During the early spring of the seventeenth year the immature cicadas 
begin to make preparations to emerge from their subterranean quarters 
by burrowing or boring to the surface. Usually by the last of April 
these exits are completed and are kept open until the insects are ready 
to appear. Besides keeping the exits open, the cicadas sometimes build 
up from the surface little clay tubes two to four inches high. 

About the middle of May the cicadas leave their dungeon-like homes 
to appear in the open air. This time varies somewhat, owing to the 
differences in latitude and elevation, over the area occupied by the 
brood. On emerging from the soil in the nymphal stage these insects 
crawl up some object such as weed, bush, post, tree or whatever is 
near. Here they station themselves, their skins split open in the back 
and the adult, winged cicadas work their way out. (Plate 1.) Having 
been exposed to the action of the atmosphere for a sufficient length of 
time the wings expand and harden after which the cicadas fly about to 
enjoy a short aerial existence. 

Injury Caused by the Cicada. 

When the cicada appears suddenly in countless hordes the damage it 
does to plants and trees is not as a rule seriously injurious except to 
young fruit trees, nursery stock, and young shade trees. The damage 
to such trees is due wholly to the characteristic habit of the females in 
depositing their eggs (Fig. 1). This has already been explained. Some- 
times on young trees not only the twigs and branches will be riddled by 
punctures of the females, but the trunks themselves will be seriously 
injured in the same way. It is readily understood that work of this 
character on young trees is of an exceedingly injurious nature, but in 
forest growths where the trees are numerous the insects have an 
abundance of wood in which to deposit their eggs and no individual 
tree, ordinarily, receives enough punctures to be of any appreciable 
detriment to its growth or vitality. To a certain extent this holds good 
with old bearing fruit orchards except, perhaps, in the case of bearing 
apple trees in which the wounds made by the cicada furnish the condi- 
tions best suited for the attack of the woolly apple-aphis. These pests 
congregate in these injured places and by their work aggravate and 
prevent the healing of the wounds (Fig. 2). The limbs of the trees 
thus affected are much weakened and easily broken. 



110 



First Biennial Report 



[W. Va. 



Natural Enemies of the Cicada. 

Owing to the long subterranean existence and short aerial life of 
the cacada it does not seem to have any specific parasitic or predaceous 




a b c d e f 

Fig. 1. — Work of the Periodical Cicada in maple and cherry, 
a, Fresh wound in maple; h, d and f, four months old wounds in 
maple, c, Three months old wounds in cherry, showing punctures 
extending both towards the tip and base of twig, e, Wounds healed 
in one season. 

enemies. One can scarcely conceive of any parasite living solely on 
either the eggs or the adults, for it would seem impossible for them 
to tide themselves over the long period that elapses between the egg 
and the adult. Notwithstanding the peculiar life of the cicada there 
are several general parasites and predaceous insects that attack its 
eggs. Undoubtedly many predaceous ground beetle larvae feed upon 
the immature cicadas near the surface of the ground. Among the 



1914.] 



State Chop Pest Commission. 



Ill 



insect enemies of the adult, a digger wasp, (the cicada killer) might 
be mentioned. This wasp provisions its egg cells with cicadas as food 
for the developing young. Various animals, many birds, and all kinds 
of poultry are exceedingly fond of cicadas. Hogs will root over large 
areas of ground in the hunt for these insects. If there is one redeem- 
ing trait in the English sparrow it is its liking for the periodical 
cicada. This bird keeps up an incessant attack upon the cicada from 




a b c d e f 

Fig. 2. — Periodical Cicada wounds seventeen years old; a, b, c, 
apple; d, e, f, pear. Attacks of other insects and fungous diseases 
have no doubt prevented proper healing of the injured places. 

the time it appears until its short life is ended, and undoubtedly thereby 
lessens the number of individuals in swarms that occur in and about 
cities and towns. 



112 



Fibst Biennial Report 



[W. Va. 



When weather conditions are favorable fungous diseases attack and 
destroy many adult cicadas. 

How to Prevent Cicada Injury. 

Spraying to check damage from this insect is out of the question 
for large orchards, but may be feasible in treating a small number of 
trees. The best material for this purpose is kerosene emulsion and it 
is necessary to spray repeatedly to kill the insects as they appear. 
As already stated, it is young trees that suffer most from the stings of 
the cicada. If one has but a few small shade or fruit trees which he 
wishes to protect from this insect he can do it quite readily by covering 
the trees with mosquito bar or cheese cloth during the time the cicada 
is present. 

It is not advisable to prune young orchards in the winter or spring 
before the appearance of a cicada brood. Leaving all the previous 
season's growth on the tree will allow a greater distribution of the 
work of the females and thus the probability of serious injury from 
the punctures will be minimized. The injured wood should be pruned 
out as soon as may be possible after the cicadas have gone. The muti- 
lated portions of the tree that are not cut out in pruning should be 




Periodical CitM>*.. 

SHP.DED M*EH. SHOWS 

Distribution of brood V as it 
OClURRED in west \ik in \f\l 



Pig. 3. — Shaded area of map shows distribution of Brood V 
(Marlatt) of the Cicada as it occurred in West Virginia in 1897. 

protected with grafting wax or hard soap to prevent other insects or 
fungous diseases from attacking the tree at these stung places and thus 
aggravating the wounds and preventing rapid healing. To induce quick 
recovery from cicada wounds an orchard should have special care to 
stimuate vigorous growth after having been visited by this insect. 

Nurserymen located within the area of this brood will undoubtedly 



1914.] State Crop Pest Commission. 113 

suffer severe loss from the ovipositing of the cicada in their nursery- 
stock. It will be well for such parties to study the map (Pig. 3) and 
determine whether or not their stock is growing in the territory that 
will be visited by this insect, that they may be prepared to exercise any 
means possible to decrease the damage. Hand picking with a large 
force of men and boys will undoubtedly save many trees, but the cicadas 
must be gathered daily to accomplish the most good. Mornings and 
evenings are best suited for this work because the insects are more 
sluggish at such times. Although this procedure may save thousands 
of trees, no nurseryman need expect to escape without losing a portion 
of his stock. Spraying the immature cicadas with kerosene emulsion 
while they are going through their last transformation in leaving the 
ground, will prevent some injury that otherwise may be done to the 
growing nursery stock. 

The most damage to young orchards and nursery stock will occur 
where the orchards and nurseries are on new land or near wooded 
tracts. This is due to the fact that during the presence of the previous 
swarms of this brood the timbered areas were used by the females 
for depositing eggs. 

"West Virginia is within the range of several broods of the seventeen 
year race of the periodical cicada and consequently, somewhere in the 
state, a swarm is present every few years. On this account it is well 
for fruit growers and prospective orchardists to post themselves con- 
cerning this matter so that they may avoid planting orchards during the 
fall previous to, or the spring of a year in which the cicada is due in 
their territory. Another brood is due next year (1915). It will be 
present in several parts of West Virginia but, probably, in greater 
abundance in the eastern and northern panhandles of the state than 
elsewhere. 



114 Fiest Biexxial Repobt [W. Va. 



THE GREEN APPLE-APHIS AND OTHER PLANT LICE. 
L. M. Peairs. 

Among the insects commonly known as plant lice which, attack the 
foliage of the apple in West Virginia, the green apple-aphis* is pre- 
dominant. Injury done by other species is generally negligible; their 
outbreaks are sporadic and usually not of long duration. The apple- 
aphis, on the other hand, is a regular annual source of loss to fruit 
growers, and as such must be considered in the plans for the prevention 
of insect injury. 

The apple-aphis, or the green apple-aphis, as it is variously called to 
distinguish it from other species that may occur with it, is a small, 
oval or egg-shaped, green, louse-like insect, winged or wingless. The 
body proper, in fully grown specimens, is a trifle more than one-six- 
teenth of an inch in length. The aphids or plant-lice will, however, 
be much more readily recognized by the results of their presence on the 
foliage than by any description that can be given. They occur on the 
growing parts of the apple, usually on the under sides of the leaves 
along the ribs or veins. From here they spread all over the under 
surface of the leaves and onto the growing and tender leaf, flower 
stems, and twigs and may even feed upon the young fruit. They live 
in so-called colonies which are really nothing but large families. In 
these colonies or families several kinds of individuals may be found. 

Life History. 

In the fall, true sexual females and males are produced. These 
females produce the winter eggs. The eggs are black, oval, shining, 
and very small — not more than one-fiftieth of an inch long — and are 
deposited on the terminal buds and under or near bark scales or other 
irregularities that may afford some protection. They may be found 
farther back on the limbs but are more abundant near the tips. In 
spite of their small size they are readily found, especially when they 
are at all numerous and threaten to be troublesome. In the early 
spring, at the time when the first green shows on the trees these eggs 
hatch into wingless females which reproduce without males. These give 
birth to living young, some of which remain wingless, others becoming 
winged, all agamic; and a succession of generations of this kind 
follows. The presence of the winged forms enables them the more 
easily to spread from tree to tree. Unlike some of the other species 
found on apple trees in the spring, the true apple-aphis passes the entire 
season on the apple. Just what prompts them to give rise to the sexual 
generation in the fall is not known. It is probably the physiological 
condition of the plants together with the weather. However that may 
be, such a generation is produced and from it comes the supply of eggs 
that pass through the winter. This completes the life history. 

Several factors enable the aphids to increase, under favorable condi- 
tions, with almost unbelievable rapidity. Among these are, the short 



*Aphis malt, Fab. 



1914.] 



State Crop Pest Commission. 



115 



time required for the young, born alive, to reach maturity and repro- 
duce in their turn; the fact that most of the generations are composed 
entirely of females capable of reproducing without fertilization; and 
the large number of young that one individual is capable of producing. 
On the other hand the aphis is subject to the attacks of some natural 




Fig. 4. — Different forms of the green apple-aphis, 
and Taylor. 



After Gillette 



enemies that neutralize its powers of rapid reproduction, especially 
after the spring months. It will be noticed that the aphids are usually 
much more abundant in the spring and early summer than later. This 
is due to two causes, one of which is the fact that they can grow and 
reproduce a lower temperatures than can the parasitic forms, their 
natural enemies. It is, therefore, some time before the balance can be 
attained between the two, and before this is done the injury to trees 
and fruit is sometimes severe. The second reason for the greater 
abundance of the plant-lice in spring is that species other than the true 
apple-aphis are found on the apple in the early months but these 
later migrate to other plants where they spend the summer, returning 
to the apple near the end of the season. These species are the European 
grain-aphis* which is found on buds and blossoms rather than on leaves 
and is difficult to distinguish from the apple-aphis, and the rosy apple- 



*8iphocorync <i venae, Fab. 



1IC 



First Biexmal Report 



[W. Va. 



aphisf, which, as its name indicates, is of a rosy or reddish color. Its 
color varies greatly but the abdomen is proportionately larger and the 
insect itself is appreciably larger than either of the other species. 

Nature of Injury Caused by Aphids. 

Aphis injury is too well known to need much description. The most 
noticeable effect of the presence of the insects in large numbers is the 
curling of the leaves. This, in cases of severe infestation, may be 
followed by partial or complete defoliation of the trees but such 
severe injury is rare. Fruit is frequently misshapen from the work 
of the lice, and fruit stems may be weakened and result in an abnormal 
falling off of the young apples. Before the leaves have curled attention 
may be called to the aphids by the large numbers of ants seen on the 




^ApMs malifoliae, Fitch. 



1914.] 



State Crop Pest Commission. 



117 



trees. These habitually attend plant-lice of all kinds and feed on a 
sweet substance called honey-dew, secreted by them. 



Prevention and Treatment. 

Prevention of attack by aphids is rather more simple than treat- 
ment. The method is to defer the San Jose scale or dormant spray 
until as near the end of the dormant season as safety will permit, and 
then to use the standard lime sulphur wash at the strength ordinarily 
employed for scale. This has been found to kill a large percentage of 
the winter eggs. Any young which may have hatched prematurely 
are all the more easily killed. It is necessary to be thorough in this 
work and to take special care to cover the tips of the twigs and 
branches. 

When the dormant spray is neglected or proves to be ineffective, it 
often becomes necessary to spray after the foliage is out. If this 
treatment is to be of any value it must be applied before the leaves are 
badly curled, otherwise it will be almost impossible to reach the aphids. 
and as they do nothing but suck the juices of the tree, they are not to 
be killed except by contact. 




-A characteristic colony of apple-aphis on the under 
side of a leaf. After Sanderson. 

The best materials for this treatment are tobacco docoction — either 
home-made or commercial, with convenience inclining one toward the 
commercial material and economy perhaps suggesting the former — and 
kerosene emulsion, which though less convenient is quite effective and 
has the advantage of being always immediately available. 

No matter what material is used in this treatment it will be neces- 
sary to have good pressure and to have nozzles so arranged that the 
under sides of the leaves can be reached. It has been stated upon 
good authority that if tobacco extract be used it may be included in 
the regular sprays applied about the time the leaves unfold (the 
"cluster-cup" spray) thus avoiding the labor and expense of an extra 
spraying. 



118 First Biennial Report [W. Va. 

Formulae for mixing, and the proper strength for using, the various 
materials suggested, follow: 




Fig. 7. — Young apples showing injury due to work of aphids. 

Lime Sulphur Wash. 

Commercial Beaume test 33°, dilute one gallon of the wash with 
eight gallons of water; Beaume test 30°, dilute one\gallon to seven; 
test 2 8°, dilute one to six; test 2 5°, dilute one to five. 

Lime Sulphur Wash, Home-Made Concentrated. Formula. 

Lime 40 lbs. 

Sulphur 80 lbs. 

Water 50 gals. 

Make the sulphur into a thin smooth paste, slake the lime with ten 
or fifteen gallons of water, adding the sulphur paste while the slaking 
is going on; then add water to make fifty gallons and hoil for one 
hour. Add enough water to make full fifty gallons, put in a tight 
barrel and store, or dilute and use immediately. Dilutions should be 
made in accordance with the hydrometer test at the same rate as for 
the commercial material. (See Bulletin 3 of this series for more com- 
plete directions.) 

The above materials are for dormant spraying only. 

Tobacco Extract or Decoction. 

Home-made tobacco extract is made by steeping tobacco stems or 
leaves in water for an hour or more, at the rate of % lb. to 1 lb. of 
stems per gallon of water. More accurate dilutions cannot be given on 
account of the variation in the strength of waste tobacco products. 

Of the commercial tobacco extracts, some of the Kentucky Tobacco 
Products Company's materials are best known. Good results have been 
secured from the use of their "Black Leaf 40" at the rate of one part 
to one thousand parts of water. 



1914.] Staie Crop Pest Commission. 119 



Kerosene Emulsion. Formula. 

Kerosene or coal-oil 6 gals. 

Hot water 3 S als - 

Soft soap 1% to 3 lbs. 

Dissolve the soap in the hot water, pour in the kerosene and agitate 
violently until a creamy "emulsion" is formed. This agitation may be 
secured by pumping through the spray nozzle and back into the barrel 
with good pressure. 

Dilute for use, to 100 gallons of spray. (At the rate of one gallon of 
emulsion to ten of water.) 

The undiluted emulsion will keep several weeks without deterioration. 

Arsenical sprays of whatever kind are useless for plant lice or 
aphids. 



APPENDIX A 



PROPOSED CROP PEST LAW 



TO 



Supersede the Present Statutes 



APPENDIX A. 

PROPOSED CROP PEST LAW TO SUPERSEDE THE PRESENT 

STATUTES. 

BILL to establish a State Crop Pest Commission and define its 
powers and duties; to prevent the introduction and spread and to 
provide for the control of the San Jose scale and other dangerous 
insects and dangerously injurious plant diseases affecting nursery, 
orchard, forest and shade trees, shrubs, vines, cuttings, seeds and 
bulbs, or affecting plants or parts of plants of any kind or such as 
may harbor such injurious insect pests or plant diseases; to 
provide for the sale of trees, vines and shrubbery and to require 
agents to be licensed, and to pay a fee therefor; to prevent false 
labeling and misrepresentation; to provide penalties for the 
violation of its provisions; to repeal chapter forty-eight of the 
acts of the legislature of one thousand nine hundred and three, 
chapter sixty-one of the acts of the legislature of one thousand nine 
hundred and five, chapter seventy-two of the acts of the legisla- 
ture of one thousand nine hundred and seven, and chapter fourteen 
of the acts of the legislature of one thousand nine hundred and 
thirteen. 



State Crop Pest Commission 
created ; powers and duties ; 
appoint state entomologist ; 
penalty for refusal to comply 
with orders ; defining certain 
words in act. 

Plants diseased to be designated ; 
power of entomologist as to 
treatment or destruction ; notice 
to owner and manner of service ; 
appeal from decision of entomol- 
ogist if no disease exists ; appeal 
when property is of value ; com- 
pensation and its payment ; 
damages to persons on account 
of diseased premises ; payment 
of treatment or destruction : 
lien on real estate ; duty of 
sheriff and county clerk as to 
collection ; superiority of lien. 

Authority of officers to enter and 
inspect premises. 

Power of state entomologist to ap- 
point assistants and local in- 
spectors ; their compensation, 
how paid. 

State entomologist, or assistants 
shall inspect all nursery stock 
grown in this state and issue 
certificate. 



6. Penalty for sale of or giving away 

nursery stock without certifi- 
cate ; duty of transportation 
companies and penalty. 

7. Certificate of registration required 

from auditor and fee therefor ; 
expiration thereof ; exhibiting 
copy ; penalty for violation. 

8. Nurserymen to file names of 

agents. 

9. Salesmen must comply with act ; 

shall secure certificate ; penalty 
for violation. 

10. False labeling and penalty therefor. 

11. False representation of agent and 

penalty therefor. 

12. Wilful misrepresentation a misde- 

meanor ; penalty therefor. 

13. Prosecuting attorneys shall pros- 

ecute violations. Justices shall 
have concurrent jurisdiction with 
circuit courts. 

14. State auditor's duty as to money 

coming into his hands for com- 
mission. 

15 Vouchers for payments : payment 
thereof ; chairman of commis- 
sion ; report to governor and the 
printing thereof. 

10. Inconsistent laws repealed. 



Be it enacted by the Legislature of West Virginia: 

Creation of Crop Pest Commission. Appointment of State Ento- 
mologist and Defining Certain Words in Act. 

Section 1. That the Commissioner of Agriculture, the Director 
2 of the West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station and the 



124 First Biennial Report [W. Va. 



3 President of the West Virginia Horticultural Society are hereby 

4 created, ex-officio, a state crop pest commission, hereinafter called 

5 "commission" with powers and duties as hereinafter provided. Said 

6 commission shall appoint an entomologist of the West Virginia Agri- 

7 cultural Experiment Station as state entomologist and plant patholo- 

8 gist, hereinafter called "state entomologist," and shall fix his com- 

9 pensation, and the state entomologist and his assistants and inspec- 

10 tors shall, acting under the authority of said commission, be charged 

11 with and perform such duties as are hereinafter specified. This 

12 state crop pest commission shall, from time to time, after due con- 

13 sideration, prepare a list of such dangerously injurious insect pests 

14 and diseases of plants affecting nursery, orchard, forest and shade 

15 trees, shrubs, vines, cuttings, seeds and bulbs, or affecting plants 

16 or parts of plants of any kind, or such plants or products of plants 

17 as may harbor such injurious insects or plant diseases as may prop- 

18 erly, within its judgment, be controlled or eradicated, and they 

19 shall cause such list to be published, along with particular specifi- 

20 cations as to the nature and appearance of, and the manner in 

21 which said pests are generally disseminated. The state crop pest 

22 commission shall, from time to time, provide rules and regulations 
2 3 under which the state entomologist shall proceed to investigate, 
24 control, eradicate and prevent the dissemination of the said insect 
2 5 pests and plant diseases and to treat or destroy such plants or parts 
2 6 of plants or products of plants as may harbor such injurious insects 

2 7 or plant diseases, as far as may be possible, and these rules and 

28 regulations shall have the full force and efflect of law so far as 

29 they conform to this act and the general laws of this state and 

30 of the United States; and any person who fails or refuses to 

31 comply with the orders of directions issued in writing under 

32 regulations provided by the state crop pest commission, shall 

33 be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, be fined 

34 the sum of not less than ten nor more than twenty-five dollars, 

3 5 and may at the discretion of the court be imprisoned in the county 
3 6 jail of the county wherein the crime was committed for a period 

37 of not more than sixty days. 

38 The word '"plant" or "plants" shall include nursery stock, 

39 orchard, forest and shade trees, vines, cuttings, seeds and bulbs, 

40 plants or parts of plants of any kind, or the products of the fore- 

41 going. 

42 The word "person" in this act shall include any person, persons, 

43 firm or corporation. 

Power of State Entomologist, Appeal from His Decision, Lien on 
Real State, and Duties of Sheriff and County Court. 

Sec. 2. That should the state entomologist, his assistants or 

2 local inspectors, find any plants infested or diseased with or 

3 harboring insects, or diseases published by the state crop pest 

4 commission as dangerously injurious, the aforesaid officers shall 

5 mark or tag or otherwise specifically designate all such plants 



1914.] State Cbop Pest Commission. 125 



6 infested with or harboring the aforesaid insects or diseases. The 

7 state entomologist shall have power, under the rules and regula- 

8 tions of said commission, to determine the nature and method of 

9 treatment, including destruction, to which anj such infested or 

10 diseased plants, harboring dangerously injurious insects or plant 

11 diseases shall be subjected, and he shall give notice of his 

12 findings in print or writing to the owner of the infested premises 

13 or plants, his agents or tenants or persons in charge of the 

14 infested premises, and a copy of such notice shall be submitted to 

15 the commission, and there shall accompany each and every such 

16 notice specific directions as to the treatment or destruction of 

17 the infested plants harboring such dangerously injurious insects 

18 or plant diseases, which direction may be in printing or writing, 

19 together with a copy of this act and all rules and regulations of 

20 the commission. Service of such a notice may be made in the 

21 manner prescribed by chapter 121 of the Code for the service of 

22 notices, except that should the person upon whom it is desired 

23 that notice should be served be a non-resident or a foreign cor- 
2 4 poration, then the notice may be served by delivering a copy 

2 5 thereof to the tenant or other person in charge of the premises, 

26 or if the tenant or other person in charge be not found then 

27 upon any member of their family, or by posting the notice at 

28 the usual place of abode the same as though the tenant or other 

29 person in charge should be the owner; or if there be no tenant 

30 or other person in charge, notice posted at two conspicuous 

31 places on the affected premises shall be regarded as sufficient 

32 service five days next after the posting of such notice. 

33 In case of objection to the order of the state entomologist 

34 for the reason that no disease or infestation exists, an appeal 

3 5 shall lie from said order to the commission, which appeal, how- 

3 6 ever, must be made within three days next after the service of 

37 notice. The owner shall notify the commission of his appeal by 

38 registered mail, addressed to the place or point indicated in the 

39 rules and regulations of the commission, and the appeal shall pro- 

4 ceed under the rules and regulations of the commission and shall 

41 act as a stay of proceedings until it is heard and decided. In 

42 hearing all appeals, which shall be heard at such point as the 

43 commission shall decide, the commission shall have power to 

44 summon witnesses, administer oaths and hear testimony. 

45 If any owner finds objection to the order of the state entomolo- 

46 gist for the reason that said order will destroy property which is 

47 of value to said owner, then the owner may appeal from said 

48 order within three days from receipt of such notice to the com- 

49 mission, claiming indemnity and compensation for said property. 

50 The filing of said notice, however, shall not act as a stay of said 

51 proceedings but the state entomologist or his assistants shall 

52 proceed to appraise the damage to said property, and if the said 

53 state entomologist or his assistants, or the owner agree upon the 

54 damage for which indemnity is claimed, then each of them shall 



126 Fiest Biennial Repobt [W. Va. 

55 sign a statement to that effect, which shall be forwarded to the 

56 commission. If the amount of the damage cannot be agreed 

57 upon by the state entomologist and the owner, then, on the same 

58 day, the owner shall notify the state entomologist, or his assistants, 

59 in writing, of his disagreement. The amount of the damage shall 

60 then be determined by arbitrators, one to be appointed by the 

61 entomologist, or his assistants, and one by the owner and these 

62 two arbitrators shall select a third arbitrator. The decision of 

63 any two of whom shall be final. Their decision shall be for- 

64 warded to the commission. Arbitrators shall be paid not to 

65 exceed $3.00 per diem, which amount shall be paid by the com- 

66 mission from its funds if the decision made is more than that 

67 offered to be paid by the state entomologist, or his assistants, but 

68 if the compensation is no more than that offered by the state 

69 entomologist, or his assistants, then the owners shall pay the 

70 cost of the arbitration. Arbitrators must be residents of the 

71 state, but no other qualification shall be necessary. The appeal 

72 shall proceed according to the rules and regulations of the com- 

73 mission and no appeal taken under this paragraph shall prevent 

74 the state entomologist, or his assistants or inspectors from notify- 
7 5 ing the owners to treat or destroy, or from treating or destroying 

76 property by reason of such appeal. They shall proceed the same 

77 as if no indemnity were claimed. If the commission finds that 

78 the appeal is not a proper one it shall dismiss the appeal and 

79 the owner shall pay the costs. 

80 If the commission should sustain the appeal, it shall order 

81 the amount so ascertained to be paid to the owner by the county 

82 court of the county in which the damage is sustained, and the 

83 county court shall pay such damages out of the general fund of 

84 the county treasury. The county fund shall be reimbursed for 

85 one-half of the damage paid for it and the county court shall 

86 draw its warrant against the commission for one-half of the 

87 damage paid by said county court, which shall, when approved by 

88 the chairman of said commission, be paid as other bills against 

89 said commission are paid. Provided, however, that when in its 

90 judgment the interests of the state warrant such action, the com- 

91 mission may reimburse the county for more than one-half of the 

92 damage paid. 

93 No action of any character taken shall abate the damages, if 

94 any, suffered by any person by reason of the owner's premises 

95 harboring injurious insects or plant diseases. 

9 6 If, upon the receipt of the notice aforesaid, or if an appeal 

97 be taken because such infestation or disease does not exist and 

98 the appeal dismissed, such person or persons so notified shall not 

99 within ten days after notification, or the dismissal of the appeal, 

100 as hereinbefore set out, destroy or treat the same in accordance 

101 with said notice, then the state entomologist, his assistants or 

102 employes shall destroy or treat all such plants. The necessary 

103 expense shall be paid by the owner or owners of the real estate 



1914.] State Ceop Pest Commission. 127 



104 from which said infestation has been removed in pursuance of 

105 this act. The state entomologist shall ascertain the amount of 

106 such charge, cause to be served upon said owner or any one in 

107 possession and in charge of such real estate, a notice stating 

108 the amount of said charge, or if no person be found in charge 

109 by posting the notice as set out in this section, by items, and 

110 further stating that if said charge be not paid to the sheriff of the 

111 county wherein said real estate is located within twenty days 

112 from the date of the service of said notice, that the same shall 

113 become a lien upon the real estate. Copy of said notice, includ- 

114 ing the amount of said charge together with the proof of service 

115 shall be at once filed with the sheriff, and if said amount is not 

116 paid to the sheriff within the time therein stated, said amount 

117 shall become a lien on said real estate and shall be collected as 

118 delinquent taxes are collected, the sheriff adding thereto a com- 

119 mission of ten per cent of the entire amount as" compensation to 
12 him for collection, and said real estate shall be sold for the non- 
121 payment of said charges the same as now, or may hereafter be 

122 provided by law for sale of real estate for delinquent taxes, and 

123 at the same time, or the sheriff may bring a suit in chancery for 
12 4 its collection in the name of the State Crop Pest Commission. If 
12 5 the sheriff is unable to collect the same within thirty days, next 

12 6 after the twenty days shall have expired, the county court' shall 

127 draw an order and pay such charges out of the general fund of 

128 the county. When said amount is collected by the sheriff it shall 

129 be paid back into the general fund of said county. The sheriff 

130 shall forward to the state treasurer on the first of each month all 

131 amounts due the State Crop Pest Commission. These amounts 

132 shall be paid into the general fund of the State Crop Pest Com- 

133 mission. 

134 When the copy of the notice is sent to the sheriff, the state 

13 5 entomologist shall forward a copy also to the county clerk of 
13 6 of said county, and the same shall be entered upon the proper 

137 judgment lien docket, and, when so received and indexed by the 

138 clerk, shall be notice to all subsequent purchasers and creditors. 

139 This lien created by this section shall be superior to all other 

140 liens upon the property, except taxes, and, in incorporated cities, 

141 towns and villages, the lien shall be superior to all other liens! 

142 except taxes and assessments for sewering, paving and other 

143 public improvements. The lien, when paid, shall be released by 

144 the sheriff. 

Authority of Officers to Enter Upon and Inspect Premises. 

Sec. 3. The commission, its agents or employes, the state 

2 entomologist, assistants, local inspectors, and all persons in their 

3 employ, are hereby empowered with authority to enter upon any 

4 public or private premises for the purpose of inspecting, destroying 

5 or treating insects or plant diseases determined and published by 

6 the commission to be dangerously injurious, or such plants as may 



128 Fikst Biennial Report [W. Va. 

7 harbor such injurious insect pests or plant diseases as prescribed 

8 in section one of this act. Any person who shall obstruct or hinder 

9 the commission, its agents or employees, the state entomologist, 

10 assistants, local inspectors, and all persons in their employ, in the 

11 discharge of their duties, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, 

12 upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not less than twenty nor 

13 more than fifty dollars for each such offense. A mandatory 

14 injunction brought in the name of the commission will also lie 

15 against the owner to compel submission to such inspection. 

Appointment of Assistants and Local Inspectors, Compensation of 
Same, and How Paid. 

Sec. 4. The state entomologist shall have power to appoint, 

2 by and with the consent of the commission, assistants and local 

3 inspectors. . An assistant, under this act, shall have the same 

4 power as the state entomologist; except he shall be under the 

5 direction of and responsible to the state entomologist. 

7 A local inspector, under this act, shall have the power to 

8 inspect, but shall report to the state entomologist or to whom- 

9 soever he shall direct. But a local inspector shall only have such 

10 jurisdiction as to territory as may be given him by the state ento- 

11 mologist. 

12 An assistant shall be paid by the commission. A local inspector 

13 shall be paid by the county court, and his compensation shall be 

14 fixed by the commission, and shall not be less than three dollars a 

15 day while actually employed. The county court shall also pay his 

16 expenses. 

17 Local inspectors shall file before the said county court from 

18 time to time an itemized account of the expenses and costs incurred 

19 in the performance of his or their duties, and a statement of the 

20 days actually occupied in the performance of the duties herein- 

21 before prescribed, and the same shall be allowed him and paid as 

22 other claims against the county except that the county court shall 

23 not be compelled to pay on account of local inspectors, more than 

24 two hundred and fifty dollars in any one year; but the county 

25 court of any county may pay any sum in excess of two hundred and 
2 6 fifty dollars that it may deem proper. 

Inspection of West Virginia Nurseries. 

Sec. 5. Prior to October fifteenth of each year the state ento- 

2 mologist, or his assistants, shall inspect all nursery stock grown in 

3 the state, and the state entomologist shall issue a certificate stating 

4 the condition of the said nursery in such form as may be pre- 

5 scribed by the commission. 

Certification of Nursery Stock from Within and Without the State, 
and Duties of Transportation Companies. 

Sec. 6. It shall be unlawful to deliver or give away within the 

2 boundaries of this state plants, commonly known as nurse j stock, 

3 which have not been duly inspected in accordance with the pro- 



1914.] State Crop Pest Commission. 129 

4 visions of this act and do not carry plainly attached to each car 

5 load, box, bale, or package a copy of a certificate as herein provided, 

6 except that in case of nursery stock shipped into the state from 

7 without, the commission shall provide by regulation for the accep- 

8 tance of proper certificates from other states, and when so accepted, 

9 the state entomologist shall issue an official tag designating the fact, 

10 which tag must be attached to all such shipments, but no nursery 

11 stock shall be sold or shipped under the certificate issued as pro- 

12 vided herein that was not raised in the nursery for or to which the 

13 said certificate was issued, until such stock has been duly examined, 

14 as provided herein, and found to be apparently free from any 

15 dangerously injurious insect pest or plant disease. All transporta- 

16 tion companies and common carriers bringing nursery stock into 

17 this state shall immediately, upon receiving such consignment, 

18 notify the state entomologist of the fact that such consignment is in 

19 their possession, or is en route to some point within the state, and 

20 give the names of the consignor and consignee, the point of ship- 

21 ment and the destination of such consignment and whether it bears 

22 the official tag hereinbefore required. 

2 3 It shall be unlawful, after the promulgation of the rules and 

24 regulations provided for in this act, for any person to transport by 

2o land or water, plants, commonly known as nursery stock, in viola- 

2 6 tion of the same, and every such offense shall constitute a misde- 

2 7 meanor, and upon conviction thereof, the person or common carrier 

28 so convicted shall be fined in the sum of not less than fifty dollars 

2 9 nor more than one hundred dollars for each and every violation of 

30 t] is act. 

Nurserymen's Registration Certificate. Exhibiting Copy of Same 

by Agents. 

Sec. 7. It shall be unlawful for any person, either for him- 

2 self or as agent for another, to offer for sale, sell, deliver or give 

3 away within the bounds of this state, any plants, known as 

4 nursery stock, unless such person shall have first procured from the 

5 state auditor a certificate of registration, which certificate shall 

6 contain such rules and regulations concerning the sale of nursery 

7 stock as the commission may prescribe, and be approved and 

8 countersigned by the state entomologist, who shall have full power. 

9 and is hereby authorized and required to cancel and withdraw any 

10 certificate upon satisfactory evidence that any rules and regula- 

11 tions governing the sale of nursery stock within this state have 

12 been violated by the holder of the same. The state auditor shall 

13 not issue any certificate of registration, except upon the payment of 

14 the sum of five dollars, and shall forward all certificates to the 

15 state entomologist for his approval, before allowing the same to 

16 the party making application therefor, and all such certificates as 

17 may be granted shall expire and become null and void June 

18 thirtieth next succeeding the issue thereof, and any person either 

19 for himself or as an agent for another who shall sell, offer for sale. 



130 First Biennial Report [W. Va. 

2 deliver or give away any plants, commonly known as nursery stock, 

21 without exhibiting a copy of the certificate of registration as herein 

22 provided for to each and every person to whom he shall sell, offer 

23 for sale, deliver or give away any such plants shall be deemed guilty 
2 4 of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished 
2 5 by a fine of not less than twenty dollars nor more than fifty dollars 
2 6 for each offense. 

Nurserymen File Names of Their Agents. 

Sec. 8. Any person growing or dealing in nursery stock, before 

2 receiving the above certificate of registration, shall file with the 

3 state entomologist the names of all traveling salesmen or agents 

4 representing such person in this state, and shall subsequently file . 

5 with the state entomologist the names of any other traveling sales- 

6 men or agents, when so employed. 

Salesmen to Comply With Act. Penalty for Violation. 

bee. 9. No person shall act as agent or traveling salesman in 

2 this state for any person engaged in growing, selling or dealing in 

3 plants, commonly known as nursery stock, until such person shall 

4 have complied with all the provisions of the foregoing sections and 

5 taken out the certificate of registration therein required; and 

6 every such person acting as agent or salesman for any person 

7 engaged in growing or selling plants, commonly known as nursery 

8 stock, shall take from his employer a certificate showing that he is 

9 the authorized agent or salesman of such person, and shall exhibit 
1 1) the same to any person who demands to see such certificate, and 

11 any person, who acting as such agent or salesman, fails to comply 

12 with the provisions of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. 

13 and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined the sum of not less than 

14 ten dollars nor more than twenty-five dollars for each offense. 

False Labeling and Penalty Therefor. 

Sec. 10. Any person that shall label any plants commonly 

2 known as nursery stock, by any false fictitious name or variety, or 

3 who shall substitute without the permission of the purchaser, 

4 plants from any nursery other than the one wherein it was repre- 

5 sented the stock sold was grown, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. 

6 and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not less than twenty-five 

7 nor more than one hundred dollars, and in addition thereto shall 

8 forfeit the certificate of registration held. 

False Representation of Agent and Penalty Therefor. 

Sec. 11. Any person acting as agent or salesman for any 

2 person who shall sell any plants, commonly known as nursery stock, 

3 upon a certificate of agency, and who shall afterwards, without the 

4 consent of the purchaser, procure them of and supply them from 



1914..] State CHOP Pe&T Commission. 131 



5 the nursery of some person or place other than that which such 

6 agent or salesman professed to represent, shall he fined not less 

7 than twenty-five dollars nor more than one hundred dollars for 
N each offense. 

Misrepresentation of Grade, Variety, Etc. 

Sec. 12. Wilful misrepresentation of .grade, character, variety 

2 or quality of stock in a nursery or offered for sale by any nursery 

3 dealer or agent, or a false declaration of acreage, or any conceal- 

4 me'nt of stock from inspection, shall constitute a misdemeanor, and 

5 upon conviction, the person so convicted shall be fined not leis than 

6 twenty-five dollars nor more than one hundred dollars for each 

7 offense. All persons selling nursery stock in the state shall, if 
S required, furnish the state entomologist eopies of all their litera- 
9 ture, which is printed or otherwise duplicated, including cata- 

10 logues, priee lists, order forms, contracts and agreements, which are 

11 furnished for the use of agents or customers or both. 

Duties of Prosecuting Attorneys and Justices of the Peace. 

Sec. 13. It shall be the duty of each prosecuting attorney to 

2 whom the State Crop Pest Commission shall present evidence 

3 of violation of any provision of this act, to institute and prosecute 

4 without delay appropriate proceedings for its enforcement. Jus- 

5 tices of the peace shall have concurrent jurisdiction with the cir- 

6 cuit court to enforce the misdemeanor penalties herein prescribed. 

State Auditor's Duties Concerning Commission Funds. 

Sec. 14. The state auditor shall set aside and reserve all 

2 moneys coming into his hands in pursuance of the provisions of this 

3 act, and shall from time to time pay the same into the state treas- 

4 ury to be placed to the eredit of the commission as a fund of the 

5 same to be used in payment of services and expenses incurred 
'6 under this aet. 

Payment of Charges Against the Crop I'est Commission, 

Sec. 15. All charges against any appropriations for or funds 

2 of the commission shall be upon properly itemized vouchers, as 

3 may be prescribed by the state auditor, and shall be certified by the 

4 state entomologist and the commissioner of agriculture, the latter 

5 of whom shall be chairman of the commission. The commission 

6 shall cause to be made a biennial report to the governor of the 

7 state giving in detail its operations and expenditures under this 

8 act, on or before September 1st of the year, jjrior to the regular ses- 

9 sion of the legislature, and it shall be the duty of the state printer 

10 to print the same in such numbers as the governor may direct. 

11 The cost of such printing shall be paid out of the general printing 
1 2 fund of the state. 



132- First Btenaiax Report [W. Va. 

Repeal of Inconsistent Laws. 

Sec. 16. Chapter fourteen of the acts of one thousand nine hun- 

2 dred and thirteen, chapter seventy-two of the acts of one thousand 

3 nine hundred and seven, chapter sixty-one of the acts of one 

4 thousand nine hundred and five, and chapter forty-eight of the acts 

5 of one thousand nine hundred and three, and all other acts or parts 

6 of acts inconsistent with this act are hereby repealed. 



